The Insider Secret on Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Discovered

The Insider Secret on Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Discovered Practice brainstorming plenty of different essay prompts from the ETS website to get accustomed to coming up with examples that you may use to support your viewpoint. Others, naturally, scoff at the idea since they're such great writers. It is possible to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Also a reminder that you could work with me if you're searching for issue essay feedback. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets So, it's rather safe to say that the AWA score is a significant enough element in regards to admissions. Consequently, you'll wind up with a score much lower than that which you actually deserve. The GRE score is needed for the admission to numerous graduate programs. Ideally to target fantastic universities, any score above 4 is thought to be good. You can locate the list in their site and brainstorm at least 10 out of them before you like the exam. As the ETS website states, you don't have to be acquainted with all the many kinds of logical fallacies, but herein we'll describe the five that most commonly show up on the test. Test takers all over the world believe they can easily master AWA in a day or two. Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets - the Story You only want to say that the argument is unwarranted for a lot of reasons. As soon as you answer a question you are unable to return to review it or change the reply. To earn argument logical emotions never ought to be deemed as a tool. Whether the writer is correct in maintaining his thought or he's mistaken and ignores some vital issues that could render the argument baseless in some circumstances. In addition, do not at any point imply that the argument has any merits. International warming persuasive essay is supposed to convince the reader your argument or thoughts a re correct. You must discuss the trustworthiness of the argument. The question of argument essay is in the shape of an argument written by means of an author. You may discover that it is possible to use a number of them for many essays don't let the very first thing that springs to mind box you in. The 2nd essay would be regarding the argument analysis. The argument essay also requires you to have an excellent language. It is considered difficult by most of the students. The Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Cover Up Job essay writing is a type of writing that you should master. Nowadays you know what it can take to receive an ideal essay score. You may observe that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are hard to completely support. The issue essay in GRE needs an adequate amount of prep before the actual test. Not only do you have to read through GRE sample essays, but you also have to look for topics on which you may write GRE sample essays yourself and have them evaluated. If you want to know more regarding the GRE essay length, we've completed a distinct post on that. The GRE is composed of three unique sections. The ideal way to find out how to find a high Analytical Writing score is to examine a GRE essay sample, but doing so with no guidance can be overwhelming. However you get ready for the essays, make sure you at least write a couple of each type before you take the actual GRE. There are dozens and dozens of mock essays on the net, and with a very simple google search, you can get access to different essays for the GRE. Employing good words improves the standard of the essay. There are quite a lot of sites that can help you in evaluating your essays and also in supplying you with useful GRE sample essays. Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Secrets That No One Else Knows About The grade of the essay will be wholly judged by your capacity to choose 1 side of the coin, and how well you're able to develop and support that decision. Of course you'll find many folks who are unable to write logically which is the reason why they try to locate some fantastic custom writing service. Likewise, the writer is optimistic concerning the state promise to wash the river.

Home Is More Than Two Walls And A Roof - 890 Words

What is Home? What is home? Some people may consider home to be at their parents’ house, or their own house. It can also be a place you really like or somewhere you spend a lot of time at. You may call a lot of places home and still feel at home there. Also, you should never forget where you came from and what home means to you. Home is where I was raised. Where I played, laughed, and learned. It is where I grew up at, and where I became me. I believe that home is more than four walls and a roof. Home is an environment. It’s a feeling that I get when I walk through the front door. Home is where I became myself, not primarily physically but mentally too. It became a mold that formed who I am today. Home is my childhood, and my memories it means family and friends, and all the times we spent together. My best friend name is Lydia, and we have been friends since Kindergarten. We first met in Kindergarten; it was the first day of kindergarten at Pineville Elementary. I remember getting off the bus at the school, and my teacher Mrs. Potee was there to meet us. After, she had everyone that was in her class off the bus we went to the classroom. When I first walked in the classroom is was full of colorful posters with learning material on them, cubbies with our names on them, and the table had our names on it too. At the table where I was sitting I didn’t know I was going to meet my best friend. Throughout the years at Pineville Elementary we became very close. We would doShow MoreRelatedLegal Rights And Responsibilities Of Tenant Tenants1380 Words   |  6 Pagesregistration as well the state property laws lays out the laws surrounding both the tenant and the landlord. Houses, mobile homes, apartments, are governed property laws. These laws are documented in the Landlord and Tenant Acts 1967 to 1994, Residential Tenancies (Amendment) as well as Residential Tenancies Act 2004. These laws do not cover tenants who have rented a room in the landlord’s home. Despite the fact that leases and agreements are agreed upon by the customer and the client, they cannot be take awayRead MoreThe Nature Of The Construction In dustry1391 Words   |  6 Pagesis the third largest industry in Australia with only behind mining and finance. Thus, it is safe to say construction industry is the one of the key components of the Australian economy. It comprises 8% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs more than one million people which is almost 9% of the total workforce (AI Group 2015). The construction industry operates in both the private and public sector (AI Group 2015) Furthermore, construction is mainly divided into three broad areas (AI Group 2015)Read MoreThe Legal Rights And Responsibilities Of The Tenant Landlord Law1438 Words   |  6 Pagesregistration as well the state property laws lays out the laws surrounding both the tenant and the landlord. Houses, mobile homes, apartments, are governed property laws. These laws are documented in the Landlord and Tenant Acts 1967 to 1994, Residential Tenancies (Amendment) as well as Residential Tenancies Act 2004. These laws do not cover tenants who ha ve rented a room in the landlord’s home. Despite the fact that leases and agreements are agreed upon by the customer and the client, they cannot be take awayRead MoreThe Neolithic Settlement Of Catal Huyuk971 Words   |  4 Pages000 feet above sea level. The population was estimated at upwards of 5,000 people, which was based on the site and the cluster of houses. Mount Hasan, an inactive stratovolcano, located approximately 87 miles from Catal Huyuk was painted on walls in homes depicting the importance of the volcano. Obsidian was collected and used for trading in Catal Huyuk and considered the first organized city-state. Catal Huyuk was considered a religious and trade center. The economy was centered on agricultureRead MoreLandlord Tenant Laws And Tenants Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesamount, garner the correct amount of rent from tenant that’s due, collect any changes associated with the property, Landlords have the rights to evict the tenant from the home during the first few months of residence without probable cause or later on during the stage of tenancy, landlords have the right to know who is living in the home with tenant not including visitors,they have the rights to know about any mends needed, and give reason to access the property for any maintenance repairs or inspectionsRead MoreConstruction Of Construction And Construction Management1412 Words   |  6 Pagesone of the most important things to humans. The development of new technology from time to time has an immense impact creating opportunities to make construction more effective and efficient. When people are asked wh at construction is; the most common answer is the building of something, but the real question is what is being built and more importantly how. From the smallest infrastructure built to the tallest Skyscraper, the process is similar, but it’s mainly differentiated in the amount of workRead MoreShort Story1580 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounds more thoroughly. He firstly relaxed somewhat, as there was no one else about. The room was a little larger than his bedroom back home. There was an en suite to the side which had a shower, toilet and sink. He could see that easily as there was no door on it. It was like a recess in the side of the room. There was a small table and chair next to the bed. Yes, he was lying in a double bed, one pillow and two sheets. The floor was made of white concrete, as were the walls. In fact, the walls wereRead MoreGermanic Peoples and English Settlers Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesDutch, French) show a different mindset from that of the English settlers? (That is, what values or priorities are different?) As we have read in the book, Agriculture has become very big in our society today. The way a house is built gives a home its beauty, and it’s feeling. The non-English style houses (Spanish, Dutch and French) show a different mindset and have different features compared to the English settlers. The English were part of what we now call the eastern Woodland cultureRead MoreMy Sense of Place: Personal Journal Reflection714 Words   |  3 Pagessee them again in several months’ time. Having a friend seems to become more of a luxury than a necessity of any sort; they were optional in my life. Another feeling that forces me to hold its ugly green hand is envy. Like hideous costume jewelry adorned with imposturous emeralds and a rusty chain: Such a cheap and easy thing to come by in life. My masquerading monster manifests when people tell me of their childhood homes. These structures of solace as bustling houses that line small streets.Read More Gothic Arches Versus Romanesque Arches1185 Words   |  5 Pagesthe following: thick walls, barrel/round arches, supporting groin vaults, and thick buttresses (Calkins 1998, 110). The Gothic period was characterized by the following: thin walls, pointed arches, stained glass, and flying buttresses (Icher 1998, 20-30). During the early medieval years, the use of thick walls in building a church or cathedral was not only to create a stable monumental building but to help protect the building during wars or battles. Building thick stone walls also helped protect

Braveheart Essay Example For Students

Braveheart Essay Medieval Society has had much of a affect on society today. For example, many movies have been based off the Middle Ages and the society there. One of the greatest movies that took place in the Middle Ages was Braveheart. Mel Gibson, most likely best movie, had a great affect on society today. It tought many people of what it was like back in the 1300s. First of all, Braveheart was a movie about the early Scottish people. The main character, William Wallace, played by Mel Gibson, is part of a rebel family towards the King. Edward the Longshanks is a selfish king and not a lot of people like him. Only the ones that work for him. As Williams father fails at getting the Scottish their freedom, William follows in his fathers footsteps and he begins his long quest to make Scotland free once and for all, along with the assistance of Robert the Bruce. Other assistance comes from his friends Hamish and Stephan. Can William Wallace get Scotland their freedom. The rise of a town can be an impossible thing to accomplish for many. This includes being a good leader and having certain characteristics. For example, you leadership must be fair to all that you represent. A group of rebellions can come just like that if you are not fair to them. Feeding, clothing, and other things must all be provided. Plus, protection is needed in case of invasion by other countries. This would require training your people with weapons and teaching them how to defend themselves and be brave when told to CHARGE! Another characteristic of your town to rise to the top is having good relationships with surrounding countries. You have to be able to have another country join you in case of battle. If there is a war and everyone hates you, you and your people will get killed not only by the other countries but by your country too. There was a definite rise of the town is Scotland. It was William Wallace who made this happen. He was the leader and he did everything a leader should do. As said, a rise of the town means your people should have courage when said to charge. Wallace led many charges and nobody backed down. Everyone was also well prepared and had the knowledge to fight and how to defend themselves. With it they won that battle and many others. Wallaces people also looked up to him in every way. He was like a role model to them. Everything he did was just fine for the people. Wallace had co-leaders, kind of, too. Hamish and Stephan would help William out a lot. Scotsmen also looked up to them too. Those three helped make it all happen. There werent much use of nice homes back in the Middle ages. The very wealthy had houses like an average one today and some very wealthy people had the same size house but much nicer on the inside. They  had thrones, pictures, messages, signs, etc. Much of this stuff, however, wasnt used in Braveheart. An average person would sleep on the ground at night and others would just never sleep at all. Even Wallace didnt have a home. Him, Hamish, and Stephan had separate tents. The very wealthy, like Robert the Bruce, had only a house that would look like a shack today. The inside was all dusty or creaky. However, this was actually considered to be pretty rich back then. Another characteristic is what people thought of their opposing leaders. In the Middle Ages everyone thought of their opposing leaders like expected. Selfish, dirty, pieces of -. It was everyones goal to be able to kill the hated leader. .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .postImageUrl , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:hover , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:visited , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:active { border:0!important; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:active , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Philosophy of Groundhog Day EssayIn the movie, everyone hated William Wallace that were on King Edwards side. In the end, when Wallace was captured, everyone was spitting and throwing stuff at him since he killed so many of the people of their country. Everyone swore at him, and at least tried to curse him. Wallace looked like he didnt care and had, maybe, expected it coming. One last characteristic of the Middle Ages was how the leaders alone acted. No one really had a brave heart. A lot of them were just lazy and selfish with a lot of money. Some leaders didnt even know what a leader meant or what they had to do. They were just there. For example, Jon Lackland was leader once in the Middle Ages and he lost all of the land that his mother had passed down to him in a matter of years. It just shows that a lot leaders back them were very messed up. Even though it was just a movie, Wallace was probably the best leader of that time. As said, a lot of leaders are selfish and dont think much of their people. At the very end when Wallace was about to get killed, he showed that he wanted his people to have their freedom that they deserved. A deal was offered to William from the king. Just say the word MERCY! and all the pain will stop and he would die a painless death. As Wallace was going through his torture even the people that hated him were chanting for him to saymercy. Secretly, Hamish and Stephan were watching his death and they were totally expecting him to say it. Then out of nowhere William Wallace yelled FREEDOM! Everyone was shocked including the king. He was really mad to see William die like that. In the end, the Scotsmen deserved their battle. They defeated King Edward and won their freedom! Braveheart was probably one of the best examples of the Middle Ages. It showed many characteristics they were used back then. The rise of the Scottish, how shelters work, relationships with others, and the leaders alone. Many more too. This movie has defiantly reflected the way people now think about the Middle Ages.

Malaysia free essay sample

Malaysia has been recognized by the world as a model for other plural societies. The concept of ‘unity in diversity’ is always insisted by the leaders. The concept is now supported with the ‘1 Malaysia’ concept which is introduced by the current Prime Minister. The Malaysian government is always put efforts to ensure the unity among the people because the unity is very important for national unity. The national unity will ensure the country’s prosperity and the prosperity will create national integration. The unity and integration is the ultimate aim of development. Unity can be defined as a process of forming a national identity among various groups that have differences in beliefs, cultures, customs, politics, social, economic functions and location into a political entity. WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES THAT FACED BY THE GOV. IN IMPOSTING UNITY ON ITS CITIZEN? Achieving national integration is not an easy task, but efforts must go on. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is due to the existence of economic, social, cultural, residential and world view among the people. Therefore, the Malaysian government since the independence of the country has put endless efforts towards achieving the national integration. In general, there are three main obstacles that the country has to face and resolve. They are prejudice and, communalism Prejudice Do you know what prejudice is? It refers to the attitude towards others based on evidences which is not concrete and might be wrong. In Malaysia context, this kind of pre-judgmental attitude still exists among races even though much positive information is provided. Racism Communalism refers to the attitude of favouring one’s own ethnic group. This kind of feeling is also prevalent in Malaysia. For example, the political parties that exist in Malaysia are still on ethnic base. The national ideology has five principles: (i)Belief in God (ii)Loyalty to King and Country (iii)Nobleness of the Constitution (iv)Sovereignty of the Law (v)Courtesy and Decency In general, the objectives of the national ideology are: (i)To achieve a greater unity among the people (ii)To maintain democratic way of life National Service Develop a young generation who are patriotic and with love and devotion for their country Enhance unity among the multi-racial communities in the country New Economic Policy (NEP) NEP is an economic approach by the government. It was introduced in 1970 after the racial riot of 13 May 1969. The main reason that caused the riot is due to economic reason in which there was wide economic gap between the races especially between the Malays and Chinese. The NEP is considered as an economic development and national unity programme in a multiracial society. Thus, the NEP was introduced to demolish the economic gap between people in rural and town area. If we look in depth, there was imbalance of wealth distribution between the races and people that have been mentioned above. Besides that, before the riot of 1969 up to the NEP, races were identified through their economic function. For example, the Chinese were recognized as merchants and businessmen because they dominated the economic activities, the Malays as farmers because they lived in rural areas and the Indians as estate labours because they lived in estates. Based on this situation, the NEP was created as such with two-pronged aim: * To reduce and eradicate poverty by increasing income and job opportunities to all citizens without looking at their races * To restructure communities in order to reduce and erase the identification of races through economic function National Education Policy Since independence, many educational reports have been implemented in order to unite and integrate the people. During the British colonial, they did not have a clear education policy. They allowed education to develop into four separated streams which were based on ethnicity – English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil. Each of the streams had its own objectives, syllabus (normally taken from their country of origin), teaching standards. The Chinese for example, used Chinese language as the medium of instruction and children were exposed to the history of China. Malayan history was totally excluded from the syllabus likewise the Tamil school. This happened because of the divide and rule policy of the British who did not want to see the people united. In their eyes, when people united, all races would against them. After the defeat of Japanese in the World War II, the British came back to rule the country. The local leaders put onto them pressure to streamline the education system in order to promote racial unity. Promoting the use of national language In the Main Provisions of the Constitution, Malay language is made as the national language of the country. It is used to promote unity among the people. Few proverbs have been created to promote unity through the national language such as ‘Language is the Soul of the Nation’ (Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa) and ‘Language Unite the nation’ (Bahasa Menyatukan Bangsa). To be able to communicate and interact harmoniously between different races, Malaysians are also encouraged to learn and to speak the languages of other races in the country from young age. Political parties alliance The seriousness of the government to ensure the unity can be seen from the early stage of the ‘birth’ of Malaysia. Leaders in the past such as TAR and the others fought so hard to get the independence of Malaysia. The leaders from the major three races i. e Malays, Chinese and Indians had taken initiative to form alliance among the political parties that represent those three races. As a result, National Front (Barisan National) that is an alliance between UMNO, MIC and MCA was established in 1951. Till today, the Barisan National even won the 13th General Election! IN YOUR OPINION, HOW UNITY CAN BE INTERGRATED INTO US MALAYSIANS? In my opinion, since unity is the backbone of the stability of our country, it must be urged that unity must be integrated by all the citizens of Malaysia. National unity can be integrated through the practice of equal rights. Like what Abraham Lincoln said, all men are equal before the law. When this act is carried out, the majority and minority races will receive equal treatment in any form of help that is being given out. If it fails to carry out, unsatisfactory and anger will be felt by the â€Å"discriminated† groups and consequently, racial issues will happened and disrupt the country’s development. National unity in Malaysia is definitely important as a country cannot progress without the co-operation of the people in the country. On the other hand, the government should impose heavier punishments on those people who are executing their unruly acts which are connected to hate and racism. Punishments like jail him for trying to disrupt the peace in the country should be imposed on those wrongdoers. It is essential for this action to be carried out because once these punishments are being executed; people who are attempting to carry out their future plans will think twice before they do it. The moment these acts of nonsense cease, peace will once again be in our beloved homeland. Another way to integrate national unity in our country is by having politically stable country. The political groups in our country recently are being very competitive to form the government instead of having the people’s welfare at heart. Political parties in our land should be more concerned about the citizens’ trials and tribulations that they are facing every day. By doing that, not only the political party will contribute hugely to the integration of national unity, but it will also gain the trust of the citizens to elect the particular party to represent them as a nation. The particular party should also put their heart and soul into this as national unity is the backbone to our country’s stability and integrity. Last but not least, national unity can be achieved when parents and guardians play their parts as role models and not turn a blind eye towards this epidemic that is plaguing most countries. Guardians and parents should never criticize people of other races in front of their children. According to a study made by child experts, children usually follow the characteristics and attitude of their parents or guardians. This is the main reason why parents and guardians should always be an example to their children so that when their children grow up, they will no longer have the mentality that their ethnicity is always above the other races when it comes to studies, sports or personal abilities. CONCLUSION It is not a doubt that national unity is very important in our country. The importance of creating and maintaining unity and integration cannot be compromised. National unity and integration is vital for Malaysian if they want to live in peace and harmony. It is the one and only thing that keeps all of us bound together, allowing us to live with one another in peace and harmony. National unity is, of course, possible and achievable but it can only be obtained step by step. As it goes by the saying, Rome wan’t built in a day. Therefore, we should all work together for a better Malaysia.

The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Essays

The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Essays The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Paper The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Paper Abortion has long been a controversial topic. Many Americans feel strongly about this subject because it involves such important issues as life and death, ones religious beliefs, the health of women and who controls women’s bodies. Can anything new be said about abortion? After more than a quarter of a century of an insane consideration one might think not. But there is at least one point of view that is hardly ever heard the screams of â€Å"Murder! † and â€Å"keep your prayers off my ovaries! † It deserves a full and reasoned explanation, but it might even give off some light on the controversies about the truth of Dr.  Henry Foster as Surgeon General and about disturbances of abortion clinics. It is that abortion is excusable only in extreme cases, however the state must respect the right to get and perform abortions. In other words, it is possible to be both a pro-life and a pro-choice. PRO-LIFE AND PRO-CHOICE: As many people of both sexes instinctively recognize, abortion has to be looked at as a question not of law, but of right and moral conduct. Begin then with the position, common to most religions and many naturalistic systems of morality, of respect for life-all life, but especially human. It seems impossible to deny that the developing fetus is a possible human being. The fetus from the very beginning is provided with all the genetic information that will enable its development into a full human person. Which is to say never. An abortion is not exactly a murder and in most legal codes and systems of morality there is such a thing as excusable homicide. It might be helpful to look at the case from a perspective other than the Orthodox Christian one. Any act that increases the total of human suffering is immoral, and any act that reduces suffering is moral. Some births that result from rape or threaten the mother’s life could increase suffering, and the abortions that prevent them are sadly excusable. But those are the easy cases. What of the pregnant 16-year-old, seduced and abandoned by an older man who refuses to take responsibility, disowned by her parents, with no prospects for anything but a life of poverty and welfare dependency? Does the suffering she and the child would undergo if it was born outweigh the horror of sniffing out a possible human personality? It is a close call and exactly the kind of tortured moral judgment that the government has no business making. A non-totalitarian state must leave such judgments to its citizens to make for themselves, according to their individual ideas of religion and justice. Murders meet both conditions; it is sentenced by nearly every known system of morality, and civilized life would be impossible in a community that allowed citizens to kill one another without punishment. Prohibition might perhaps be excused on public safety grounds, given the fights, violence and fatal accidents resulting largely from alcohol abuse. But it fails unmistakably because too many citizens refuse to regard the drinking of alcohol as immoral to make its prohibition excusable or enforceable. Sometimes an unwanted pregnancy can interrupt a woman’s life. Having children can interrupt women’s life. Having children can effect the women mentally and emotionally because raising children is not so easy to do. A mother has to be there every time, every second of her life for her baby to take care and to help get through his/her lifetime experience. That is why some women think that their pregnancy can interfere with their education. employment and their health. The Pro-life believer’s believe that an unwanted child is more than likely to live a bad life and to have nobody to depend on when they are growing up and going through a bad time in their life. They also believe that an unwanted child can become a major criminal and might also suffer abuse. But some Pro-choice believers believe that women who want to abort her baby should instead give her baby up for an adoption. They feel that some women who cannot have children can have a child from another women who was about to abort her child. When does a fetus become a baby? What happens when the choice is between the life of a mother and the life of the unborn? Is an embryo or a fetus the same as a person? Does it enjoy full moral rights, the same to those of a seven-year-old of a seventeen-year-old pregnant woman? You either believe that is so or you don’t. But women who carry their fetus do no keep it hidden, like keeping something in trunk of the car for nine months and then remembering it. So, in order to complete the picture, the Pro-choice believers described the women as cold, selfish, silly baby-haters, who are the enemies. Calling women murderers does the job easy because it is the most common abuse that is used against women outside the abortion clinics. Partial abortion is the final point of an abortion division because it involves the killing of the child during birth. There are a number of different methods for performing partial-birth abortions. Ohio described one method in detail abortionist Dr. Martin Hasdell. He said that this method would involve the controlment of a living baby in the womb with an instrument. Delivering all of the baby feet-first except for the head, making a small hole in the baby’s skull and then putting a suction tube into the babies skull in order for the brain and the skull to collapse. Then finishing the delivery of a dead baby. The described method is commonly used at or on the twentieth week of pregnancy. MYTH AND FACTS ABOUT ABORTION At the time the Constitution was accepted, abortion was commonly performed. Abortion was something the founding fathers would have been aware of, and by reasoning statement, they would not have remained silent about it if they had intended for the government to involve itself in the private lives of its citizens. During this time in history, all surgical procedures, including abortion, were extremely risky. Hospitals were not common; antiseptics were unknown, and even the most respected doctors had only natural medical education’s. Without the technology that we take for granted today, maternal and infant death rates during childbirth were extremely high. The dangers from abortion were similar to the dangers from other surgeries that were not outlawed. Today, their understanding of the consequences of unsafe abortion influences pro-choice advocates who fight for continued access to safe, legal abortion for all women often. We know from history that whenever abortion has been illegal, women have still attempted and succeeded in ending unwanted pregnancies. Unfortunately, they have often suffered serious health problems or died in the process. While the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision was an important turning point in protecting women from unsafe abortion, an understanding of pre-Roe v. Wade years is important for making intelligent public policy decisions regarding reproduction health care in the future. In 1973, the Supreme Court’s Roe v. Wade decision made abortion legal for the first time in American history. In the 1800’s, abortion was outlawed because it was so dangerous. Abortion was outlawed because it is immoral. During the period when abortion was illegal, abortion was effectively outlawed and the safety of pregnant women was ensured. Partial-birth abortions are only done in extreme cases involving serious baby deformities or threat to the life of the mother. The pro-choice believers argued partial-birth abortions are not common and are only done at or after the twentieth week of pregnancy. A fetus is not capable of feeling the pain due to the need of development. Pro-Life believers showed that a fetus was not enough developed to experience pain from the procedure. MEDICAL ARGUMENT AGAINST ABORTION The medical arguments against abortion are compelling. For example, at the beginning of the pregnancy the embryo is genetically separated from the mother. To say that the developing baby is no different from the mother’s appendix is scientifically inaccurate. A developing embryo is genetically different from the sperm and the egg that created it. Another set of medical arguments against abortion surround the definition of life and death. If one say of decision may have been used to define death, could they also be used to define life? Death used to be defined by the final heartbeat. A stopped heart was a clear sign of death. If the final heartbeat could define death, could the onset of a heartbeat define life? The heart is formed by the 18th day in the womb. If heartbeat were used to define life, then nearly all abortions would be illegal. A conflict to an abortion also can raise the controversial issue of a fetus pain. Does the fetus feel pain during abortion? The evidence seems fairly clear and agreeable. Consider this statement made in a British medical journal: â€Å"Try sticking an infant with a pin and you know hat happens. She opens her mouth to cry and also pulls away. Try sticking an 8-week-old human fetus in the palm of his hand. He opens his mouth and pulls his hand away. A more technical description would add that changes in heart rate and in fetus movement also suggest that intrauterine manipulations are painful to the fetus. † Obviously, other medical decisions may be used. For example, the developing fetus has a special set of fingerprints as well as genetic patterns that make it special. The development of ultrasound has provided us with a â€Å"window to the womb† showing us that a person is growing and developing in the mother’s womb. We can recognize clearly the eyes, the ears, the fingers, the nose and the mouth. Our visual senses tell us this is a baby growing and maturing inside the womb. The point is simple. Medical science leads to a pro-life point of view rather than a pro-choice point of view. Medical arguments provide a strong case against abortion and for life. LEGAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABORTION A second set of arguments would be legal arguments against abortion. The best legal argument against abortion can be seen in the case of Roe v. Wade. It violated standard reasoning. The Supreme Court decided when life begins and then turned around and turned over the laws of 50 different states. The duty of a proof should lie with the life-taker, and the benefit of the doubt should be with the lifesaver. Put in another way: A hunter who hears rustling in the bushes shouldn’t fire until he knows what it is in the bushes. In addition, a Court which doesn’t know when life begins shouldn’t declare-open season on the unborn. The duty of a proof in a law is on the prosecution. The advantage of uncertainty is with the defense. This is also known as taking something for granted of the harmless. The Supreme Court clearly stated that it does not know when life begins and then it braked a promise of the very spirit of this legal principle by acting as if just proved that no life existed in the womb. Just as there are solid medical arguments against abortion, so also there are legal arguments against abortion. Roe vs. Wade was a bad decision that needs to be overturned. PHILOSOPHICAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABORTION A third set of arguments against abortion would be philosophical arguments. A key philosophical question is where do you draw the line? Put another way, when does a human being become a person? The Roe case arose out of a Texas law that prohibited legal abortion except to save a woman’s life. At that time, many other states had laws similar to the one in Texas. The effect of those laws was that women turned to someone for help in large numbers to illegal abortions that were dangerous because of poorly trained unsanitary conditions. Jane Roe, a 21-yea-old pregnant woman, represented all women who wanted abortions but could not get them legally and safely because of these laws. Henry Wade was the Texas Attorney General defended the law that made abortions illegal. After hearing the case, the Supreme Court ruled that American’s right to privacy included the right of a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference, at least in the first trimester of pregnancy. The Supreme Courts decision of Roe vs. Wade separated personhood from humanity. In other words, the judges argued that a developing fetus was a human but not a person. Since only persons are given the 14th Amendment protection under the Constitution, the Court argued that abortion could be legal at certain times. This left to doctors; parents of even other judges the responsibility of ones judgment of deciding when personhood should be awarded to human beings. Ethicist Paul Ramsey often warned that any arguments for abortion could logically be also used as an argument for the murder of a baby. As if to explain this, Dr. Francis Crick, of DNA specialist, proved that he was less concerned about the ethics of such correct reasoning extensions and offered a more acceptable definition of personhood. He suggested in the British journal Nature that if â€Å"a child were considered to be legally born when two days old, it could be examined to see whether it was an acceptable member of human society. † Obviously this is not only an argument for abortion but it’s an argument for the murder of a baby. Other line-drawers have suggested a cultural decision for personhood. Ashley Montagu, for example, stated, â€Å"a newborn baby is not truly a human until he or she is molded by cultural influences later. † Again, this is more than just an argument for abortion. It is also an argument for the murder of a baby. In conclusion, we can see that there are many good arguments against abortion. Obviously there are a number of medical, legal, and philosophical arguments against abortion. The bible and logic are on the side of the Christian who want’s to stand for the holiness of human life. Despite this lack of difference, we’re always surprised by the murder of a baby. We don’t blink an eye when we’re told that a million and half children were killed by abortion last year; yet whenever we hear of a born baby that was hit killed, drowned or choked, we stare at the newspaper in disbelief, our head swimming with questions. We wonder, â€Å"Why did that woman kill her baby? Was there something in the harsh cries of her child that drove her insane? † In search of answers, we reassured ourselves that although mothers may get tired and irritated with their children, maternal instinct usually kicks in and helps protect the life of the child. Yet some women just seem unable or unwilling to meet with the commonplace responsibilities of motherhood. There are people every year that get an abortion. I do no believe in this kind of thing, but no one has the right to blow up an abortion clinic. In search of my own answers, I’ve come up with a theory. I believe the current atmosphere of acceptance of legalized child murder leads women to conclude that it’s okay to kill their children. By ignoring the death crimes of million’s of innocent children, society tells women who kill that â€Å"No one will care and that one more child’s premature death is meaningless. I also believe that abortion should be illegal because I believe abortion kills a person who should have legal rights. Many people feel very strongly about not letting people get away with having an abortion and some people are either completely for it or just don’t care. Still, if you bomb a clinic someone who might not have anything to do with the clinic could get killed and what did he or she do to you? Nothing, they just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. There were two abortion clinic bombings recently where people were killed because they either work at an abortion clinic or they have made a decision to get an abortion. People who blow these buildings up are more than likely a member of a religious group, connected with them in some way is, and they themselves think abortion is wrong. These are very hypocritical people. They act innocent and then they go and blow a building up and hurt innocent people while the are at it. In conclusion, no one needs to be doing something so wrong, so illegal, as killing people. Abortions are now legal and what some anti-abortion people are doing is not legal. So, seeing how they are doing the not so legal thing, violent protesting abortion should be stopped. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Issues in law and medicine Bopp. Gr. , James; Cook, Curtisr Partial-Birth Abortion: the final frontier of abortion jurisprudence Dilatation and extraction abortion-Law and legislation-United States Summer 1998 Vol. 14 Issue 1, 3 2. Frost-Knappman, Elizabeth Womens Right On Trial: 101 Historic American trials from Anne Huchinson to the Virginial Military Institute Cadets. 1997 New England Publishing Associates, INC. 164-165, 167-169 3. The New Internationalist Hadley, Janet A Moral Question Abortion-Social Aspects July 1, 1998 Issue 303, 20 4. Herda, D. J. Raw vs. Wade: the abortion question 1994, Enslow Publishing, Inc. 36-42, 47-49, 78-80. 5. Noonan G. R. , John T. The Morality of Abortion: legal and historical perspectives 1970, Harvard University Press 134-135, 185-186, 236-237 6. Terkel, Susan Neiburn Abortion: Facing the Issues Raw vs. Wade-Moral and Ethics of Abortion 1998 13-16, 29-32, 38, 121-125, 127-129 7. Tride, Laurence, H. Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes Pro-choice and Pro-life movement 1990 52,115, 228

Tracking Your Goals for Success

Tracking Your Goals for Success Working on commission can be stressful, especially when you dont know how much money comes in each month. Just as you keep track of your bills, you should get in the habit, if you havent already, of staying up-to-date with each piece of work you have in the pipeline. Not only will this help your bottom line, but youll also keep on track with your major goals. For instance, if your goal is to write for  The Writer Magazine, you may need to climb the ladder from where you stand now. Its rare for first time freelancers to break into the national magazine market, so build a system and break down your goal into smaller bites to develop your portfolio to improve your effort toward that big accomplishment. Using the system outlined below, I wrote my first article for a paying ezine and quickly followed it with work for Writing for Dollars, Writers Weekly, and Writer2Writer. Twenty articles later, I had my first article accepted While I use Excel, you may use Microsoft Word, a day planner, or simply a blank notebook (If you prefer, you can use apps), and just as you would schedule your doctors appointments and kids soccer games, create a task list of everyday activities needed to bring in the income. As a freelancer, your times can be flexible, but I caution you to adhere to certain goals each day. Divide your list into four separate sections like the example below. The first section is research, the second is reviewing the guidelines, the third is preparing and submitting, and the fourth is writing and editing. To stay on task with your goals, you have to set aside time each day to do all four. Research Review Guidelines Prep Submission Pkgs Writing Editing Research mags blogs for places to submit article on Writing Tight Review writers guidelines for Parenting Today and  Working Moms Prep submission pkg for Adopting at 50 Parenting Today Working Moms Begin writing the Writing Tight article. Edit other article on staying healthy during the winter When an idea for an article strikes, begin researching places that might be interested before you waste time writing. Some writers suggest pitching before the article is written, but such a move is dependent upon the publications guidelines. After your research, review the guidelines once more for the article you finished the evening before. Guidelines can change so confirming what you should be sending saves time for you and the editor.   Then prepare the submission package for your article and move on to the writing phase of your evening. As you work, highlight each completed task so at the end of the day, youll see the progress youve made. Each evening, create a new list so you start fresh each morning. Carry over the activities you didnt complete the previous day onto the new list and start with those first. Never skip over one of your tasks because doing so erases a potential income opportunity and sets you back a step. Yes, you work on more than one article at a time. Hope Clark keeps as many as thirteen in play, as she likes to put it. Youre always moving forward, working multiple opportunities at different levels. Trust me, its doable. Just ask every successful freelance writer. To achieve goals, you need to keep up with where you are on your journey. This system is designed to help any writer climb the ladder of success, but even if you dont use this one, you should have a way to track the steps youre taking toward your dream.

Restraint reduction program for stroke patients Assignment

Restraint reduction program for stroke patients - Assignment Example in Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.237). In this paper, I shall put forward a prospective Quality Improvement program – a multi-component Restraint Reduction Program (RRP) for the stroke rehabilitation unit in our hospital as part of my effort to enhance patient outcomes over here. Emergency cardiac and stroke attacks have become the third major cause of hospitalization and death after cancer and heart disease in America. It has been reported that 8, 00, 000 Americans become the victim of stroke every year which calculates to an average of one American suffering from a stroke every 40 seconds. In fact, stroke accounts for 1, 40, 000 deaths every year and the reason behind other 1, 00, 000 deaths each year in this country. Stroke patients generally suffer a sudden loss of brain abilities such as loss of consciousness, change in behavior, disorientation, dizziness, trouble in moving hands, arms, and legs, difficulty in talking, understanding, or, severe headache. Stroke patients i n acute care settings generally have a high risk of falling or agitated behavior which needs to be handled appropriately. The stroke treatment procedures necessitate every health care provider to identify potential stroke patients and have specialized knowledge, practical experience and the required tools for treating them efficiently. Moreover, it has become urgent for every health care center and acute rehabilitation unit taking care of stroke patients to be equipped with the essential services, techniques and workforce for providing the best treatment (Katz, n.d). For the purpose of enhancing the treatment, I would like to introduce a QI program – a multi-component Restraint Reduction Program in one of our acute rehabilitation unit, the stroke unit. Physical restraints have been constantly used by nurses in acute stroke care settings to avoid falls, to control agitation and to handle impulsive behavior. Although physical restraints have been found to be beneficial, their a dverse effect which may even include death of the patient is a matter of concern. According to various studies, restraint reduction programs have been successful in decreasing restraint use along with maintaining patient safety of stroke patients in both acute care and long term settings (Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.235). The basis of this QI program, RRP, will be the implementation of a multi-component intervention strategy which could greatly reduce the use of physical restraints and decrease fall rates through a secure and successful approach in the stroke rehabilitation units. The primary aim of the RRP will be to lower restraint use by 25% and to sustain fall rates lesser than 10% above the baseline. The interventions in the RRP were adopted from successfully employed restraint programs in different acute care settings. For the purpose of execution, a planning committee will be formed which will include clinical nurse specialists, unit nurse managers, nurse patient-care coord inators, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and the staff nurses. To achieve the set target, this plan will be primarily including four main arenas – administrative support, education, consultation and feedback (Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.236-237). Administration Before the execution of the program, it is

Evaluation Design of grant application assignment

Evaluation Design of grant application - Assignment Example It will be crucial for this evaluation to capture the resources available at the time of commencement. The evaluation will seek to capture the number of people who will have received the content of the awareness campaign and the media through which they received the information. It shall assess how much crime will have been prevented thus far compared with the rate of crime in Philadelphia before the implementation of the project (Bestsinger et. al., 2004). Additionally, the evaluation will measure the number of partnerships that the implementation will have garnered thus far. In regards to the performance objectives, the evaluation will seek to determine the number of Philadelphia community members who will be attending training. The number of training sessions and their frequency will be documented. The evaluation shall seek to document how the activities of the project are filed. Philadelphia community members shall be assessed for how much they will have learnt on the use and maintenance of surveillance cameras. Crime reports will be scrutinized in order to capture how much will have originated from the general population and not from investigations initiated by the Philadelphia Police Department (Bestsinger et. al., 2004). In terms of impact, data will be collected on both the unintended and intended outcomes of the Residential Surveillance Cameras Installation Project. The short-term, mid-term and long-term outcomes will be captured during evaluation. Specifically, Philadelphia residential premise owners will be assessed for change in attitudes and beliefs about crime and crime prevention (Bestsinger et. al., 2004). There will be an evaluation team that will be charged with the collection of crime facts and figures. The team will be composed of five members who will have thorough knowledge of the technical aspects of

The Gospel according to Matthew Essay Example for Free

The Gospel according to Matthew Essay It is said that the ideas of Liberation Theology espoused by the more liberal elements of the Catholic Church is found the gospel according to (Saint) Matthew. one of the four major gospels in the New Testament. From the word itself, the words written here imply the truth and is considered sacronsanct and leaves no room for doubt. The gospel essentially states that Jesus is the messiah sent by God to the world. The question is how is Liberation Theology and social justice related to Matthews gospel? In the understanding of the Jews, as well as Liberation Theologists, when Jesus clashed with the Pharisees and scribes, it suggested that his teachings, as shown in Matthews gospel contain a message of social justice. This is underscored in one of the Eight Beatitudes, â€Å"Blessed are the lowly; they shall inherit the earth† (New American Bible, Matt. 5:5) and If you want to be perfect, go, sell your possessions and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me (Matt. 19:21). I for one sees that this makes sense. Matthews teachings do evoke the need for social justice which can be inferred here as the hallmark of a true Christian regardless of the denomination one belongs to and not a nominal one where he is Christian by affiliation but not in practice. However, that is the extent of my agreement. Liberation theologists have a tendency to take it very far to demand change in governments by colluding with revolutionary movements just because they do not agree. When Jesus came to this world, this was what the Jews also thought but Christ reminded them he did not come to this world to be a political leader and liberate them from their political masters. He came to offer them something better and it is a matter of accepting this invitation to the kingdom of heaven. Works Cited New Amercian Bible. Camden, New Jersey: Thomas Nelson, Inc. , 1970.

Essay example --

The impact of non-native species and invasive threats are one of the most serious threats that native amphibians are facing today. Many invasive species are able to adapt to their new environments quickly. They can often out-compete natives for food resources or they simply prey on the native species. Amphibian declines have become an increasing issue. While amphibian diversity is severely threatened by habitat destruction, the threat from non-native predation and competition is rapidly contributing to amphibian population declines (Ficetola et. al, 2007; Young et. al, 2001). Amphibians are threatening amphibians, and the threat from invasive species is a global issue. In Mexico and Central America this threat is just as real if not more so due to the tropical rich biodiversity. Many of the southern Central American countries boast some of the richest ecosystems in biodiversity in the world (Reid, 1993; Young et. al, 2001). American bullfrog (Rana catesbeinana) The American bullfrog (Rana catesbeinana), a member of the family Ranidae, or â€Å"true frogs† is threatening several habitats and native species in Central America. Native to North America, the American bullfrogs are found in freshwater habitats from Nova Scotia, Canada, throughout the eastern United States into Northern east Mexico. (see figure 1-1) Among the largest frogs in North America, they are easily distinguishable by their size. The bullfrog is a large amphibian that challenges native amphibians for food and habitat resources, but the bullfrog has a voracious appetite and will consume any prey that it fit into their mouths. They can grow to a length of eight inches and weight up to two pounds in their native habitats. In artificial market nurseries they... ...at attracts a collector. Unfortunately like many exotic pets, the owners soon lose interest and instead of doing the responsible things, by finding a suitable owner, they release them thinking that it’s an acceptable practice. Management and inspection of the plant nurseries and the pet trade is still poorly governed. While some countries are implementing policies and regulations on inspections and trades it is will continue to be a problem. Solutions must come from the international community. It must also include educating traders, collectors, inspectors as well as other stakeholders and the public. The small size of theses frogs coupled with the high procreation rate has made control of established colonies difficult to manage. Several countries that have been infested by this tree frog are doing live captures and then humanely euthanatizing individuals.

Biggest problem in america is the economy Essay

Unfortunately, this topic has now been â€Å"politicized,† which means that you can’t talk about it without being instantly cheered or jeered by fans of each respective political team. But the economy is much more important than this year’s election or either political team. There are several factors that have come together to produce a frustratingly weak economy that has persisted in the United States for more than a decade. One of those things are â€Å"Globalization†. It opened up a vast pool of billions of workers who for way less than Americans because they’re desperate. This messes up everything, it has resulted in companies shifting formerly middle wage paying jobs overseas. Another is Technology it has continued to increase productivity, allowing companies to do more with fewer employees. These and other factors have contributed to the most radical redistribution of wealth that the United States has ever seen. Since the late 1970s, the country’s assets and income have moved steadily from â€Å"average† Americans to the richest Americans. This has created a society with more extreme wealth inequality than we have seen at any time since the 1920s. Fairness aside, the problem with this state of affairs is that it leaves hundreds of millions of American consumers the real engines of the economy with little money to spend. With consumers having little money to spend, businesses suffer. As businesses suffer, they look for ways to cut costs. And this, in turn, hurts employees (consumers) even more. One thing to keep in mind as we think about how to fix this state of affairs is that this is not an era in which everyone is suffering. Everyone is not suffering. Big companies and their owners and senior managers are not suffering. They are doing great. Big companies and their owners and senior managers, in fact, are doing better that the have done at any time in  history, at least judging by the amount of profit they are producing. It’s everyone else who is getting hosed. Now, in the current political environment, you can’t make an observation like that without being pegged as an anti-business â€Å"socialist† or â€Å"communist.† So, it’s important to emphasize that there is nothing anti-business about this observation. I just don’t believe that great businesses exist solely to capture â€Å"profits† and steer cash into the pockets of their owners. When a free-market economy is functioning well, as the American economy did for most of the 1950s, 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s, the benefits of the system accrue to all participants, namely: Owners and senior managers Customers Employees Society at large When the system gets out of balance, however, the benefits begin to accrue disproportionately to one or two of of the constituencies at the expense of the others and that’s the situation we’re in now. The benefits of our free-market capitalist system which, by the way, is the best economic system on the planet, by a mile are accruing disproportionately to owners, managers, and customers, at the expense of everyone else. If we actually want to put some effort into fixing our economy, we have to fix that. Specifically, we have to persuade companies and their owners to hire more employees and share more of their immense wealth and profits with them. Most importantly, companies don’t need to do this just for altruistic reasons (though no one would object if they did). If enough companies do this, they will not just help their employees. They will help their future sales growth. Because their employees and customers, the American consumers, will then have more money to spend. Bibliography sources Internet†¨Online ads Encyclopedia

Can Nuclear Power Ever Be Completely Safe?

Dear Editor, In response to the article „After Fukushima, people ask: Can nuclear power ever be completely safe? â€Å" by Moya Irvine in „Read onâ€Å" April, 2011 I would like to state my opinion. I think that the nuclear power plants are on the one hand very effective, but on the other hand so dangerous, that they could destroy our whole planet. But what would we do without nuclear energy? We have to find some alternative, renewable energies to get an alternative solution to the atomic power plants. When we look back to the nuclear incidents like Chernobyl, Windscale or Three Mile Island we see, that this energy is too dangerous. Such a failure, which happened in Chernobyl circa 20 years ago, also could happen in every other nuclear power plant and so we have to find other renewable energies, that we do not have to use nuclear power plants. Another problem is the nuclear waste, which is produced by the power plants. This issue is till this day not solve. Because of this, we shouldn’t support a technology, which isn’t full developed. The only thing that the atomic power industry is doing, is to store the nuclear wast only temporarily. Until there is no final solution, I think atomic power is not a perspective for the future. Summing up, in my opinion, we should not finance such a dangerous and hostile system. Nuclear power is also not the solution for the climate change. So I appeal to all of the people- let’s stop nuclear power plants and save our kids future, because some day there will may be another Fukushima or Chernobyl. My name

Jovian Planets essays

Jovian Planets essays The view on how astronomers once thought that the planets in universe formed is beginning to change. Astronomers once thought the guest giant plants formed slowly. Gravity pulled debris together to form rocky cores several times a mass of the Earth, the largest of these sweeping up vast amounts of gas becoming huge giants. It is thought that roughly one billion years was needed to make these planets by the core-accretion process. Recent computer modeling in discoveries of extra solar planets suggest differently. Recent discoveries in modeling suggest that Jupiter size planets are lucky survivors of a much faster process. Survival is almost rare as these would be Jupiter's and Saturn's have only a few million years to grab all they can and many Jupiter like planets either bounce out of the solar system or plunge into the parents sons because of complex gravitational interactions. The startling shift in thinking began when Lawrence Livermore national laboratory physicist Bill Nellis fired a laser beam at a quarter size disk of liquid hydrogen. This laser crunch created metallic hydrogen, which is believed to fill the cores of the giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn. Nellis's computer model results are "consistent with a rocky core mass of zero" says scientist Bill Hubbard. With no or a little rocky core, core-accretion is difficult to explain. Carne institution of Washington astrophysicist Alan Boss suggest Jupiter may have formed with a clump of gas collapsed under its own weight, similar to store formation. Ts disk instability model is actually updated version of the 29-year-old theory. This theory, created in 1951 by Gerard Kuiper, and refined by Al Cameron in 1970, suggested gas in a merely uniformed disk would abruptly become unstable and contract rapidly compressing into clumps forming spheres. "The disk-instability model fell into complete disrepute," says Boss as no one could reconcile rocky cores with a collapsing ...

7 Business Buzzwords to Avoid! - Writing Tips with Proofed

7 Business Buzzwords to Avoid! - Writing Tips with Proofed 7 Business Buzzwords to Avoid! Jargon is an inescapable part of business writing and office life in general. But there are certain buzzwords you should avoid unless you want to sound like a corporate clichà ©! Here, then, are seven buzzwords words you might want to avoid for the sake of not driving your colleagues to despair. 1. Thinking Outside the Blue-Sky Box We’ve combined a couple of terms here, but â€Å"thinking outside the box† and â€Å"blue-sky thinking† are both so overused that we need to put them to rest. After all, they’re meant to be demands for innovative thinking, so at least use some imagination when you ask for it! 2. Shoot the Puppy To â€Å"shoot the puppy† is to do something desperate or unpleasant (similar to â€Å"bite the bullet†). And while we agree that shooting a puppy is â€Å"unpleasant,† we really don’t want to picture canine violence when we’re already in a stressful situation! How could you pull the trigger on something this cute? 3. Bio Break Sure, you don’t want to go into detail about your bodily functions in the office. But what was wrong with â€Å"going to the bathroom†? When people say they’re taking a â€Å"bio break,† it sounds like they’re going on an environmentally friendly vacation. And it must stop here. 4. Synergy Does anyone really know what â€Å"synergy† means anymore? It used to have quite a specific meaning: the increased value and performance produced when two companies work together. Nowadays, though, we’re pretty sure people are using it just because it sounds fancier than â€Å"cooperation.† 5. Open the Kimono When we first heard someone offer to â€Å"open the kimono,† we immediately left the office for fear of what was to come. But even if we had known that it means â€Å"share information,† we’d still have made a quick exit, as weird buzzwords scare us almost as much as threats of public nudity. Kimonos are great, but please keep them closed at work. 6. Motivated/Driven Look at any resume and you’ll see people boasting about being â€Å"driven† or â€Å"motivated.† But shouldn’t these be the default? Whatever your job, you should want to do your best! So adding â€Å"motivated† to your resume is a bit like specifying that you’ll be â€Å"awake† or â€Å"breathing† at work. 7. Mindshare Technically, â€Å"mindshare† refers to how much buzz there is around a product or service in the public consciousness. To us, though, â€Å"mindshare† sounds more like the name of a futuristic social network that has been implanted directly into our brains to force us to worship Mark Zuckerberg. Scary stuff. After he gained laser vision, we had to treat him as a god.(Photo: Modified from original by Jason McELweenie) Have we missed an awful buzzword? Or do you want to defend some of the jargon above? Leave us a comment or get in touch to let us know!

Fill out Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Fill out - Assignment Example Even, I am more stressed out and mentally fatigued. For controlling this stress, I feel that I should give some time to myself and my friends because giving all the time to studies is making me more stressed. I can do some exercises for mental relaxation; I can also make a schedule giving time to exercise, studies, family time and much more. I should take enough sleep to relax my mind. I should set my preferences and list them out number-wise. Previously, I adopted an extreme side that made me tenser and I was unable to give required results. I worry about a number of things in my life. I am quite aware that this worrying is useless, but I am somewhat habitual. For example, I worry about diseases especially the viral ones; I also worry about my studies that make me much stressed. I worry about people and their comments on any of my actions. I worry about my parents’ anger and much more. What are some ways that this worrying behavior might be useful for you? Think in terms of its distractive value, the self-pity and sympathy that you might enjoy, or even the magical belief that you might somehow prevent disaster through magical thinking. My concern about diseases makes me to take precautionary measures beforehand. My worry about studies makes me to devise strategies to appear better in exams. I also enjoy self-pity when I analyze the amount of workload on me. My stress about people’s perceptions and beliefs regarding my behavior and personality make me stand by and on my guard. My worry about my parents’ anger allows me to keep away from such actions that can cause this anger. Directions: Sometimes the inability to separate a problem from how you feel about the situation may impede your progress in obtaining solutions. The following is an exercise that is designed to help you separate the two.   I am sometimes unable to control my anger that is a big problem. Anger is an emotional outburst that is mostly bad for human health

Critical Commentary on a video clip-400-500 word Essay

Critical Commentary on a video clip-400-500 word - Essay Example Global media includes the following channels to provide information to the world. The channels are; through television, cinema, music industry, newspapers, magazines, the internet, books, advertising, video games and even through the use of mobile phones. Let’s pick up the industry of music as a means of global media. The most basic quality or characteristic of music is that, whatever your location, whatever your mood, whatever the work your doing, as soon as you hear any kind of music it catches your attention. When a product uses a song as a form of advertisement to the masses it actually creates an audio form of recognition for that particular product because when you hear that product’s specific music you instantly realize what product it is being talked about. (Music: Its roles, qualities and influence) Another quality of using music is that one song is used for one region or maybe even more thus bringing the concept of globalization into the world. When the same thing or the same music is being used throughout the world it brings a sense of harmony through that product and brings the realization that where ever you are in the world that product that you have in your homeland is also over there. When China conducted its first Olympics in Beijing 2008, it used a theme song called â€Å"You and Me†. China used this song to create a sense of harmony through the athletes of the world regardless of color, religion, creed, sex, and culture. The song has in itself a sense of bringing the world together on one common ground for a common goal. The words â€Å"You and Me† as the title states gives the listener a sense of friendship where ever or who they might be. When a person listens to this song he or she will feel that all the feelings regarding hatred for each other will disappear and in return it will leave behind a sense of beauty, peace, harmony and being one. This song also emphasizes on one world and one dream, which means that

Todays Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Todays Woman - Essay Example For example, in the bible when the first human was created who is Adam, God saw that the man was very lonely and he need a companion and a helper as he was in-charge of the whole world. God created the woman (Eve) from the ribs of Adam and therefore human beings have interpreted that the woman is inferior to man. As a result of her supposed inferiority, the woman took the female role of being a house wife and a helper to the man and all the decisions were made by the man and in some of the cultures, this has been the trend to this day. Most of the time much of the women’s work has remained unrecognized and to some extent, undervalued, be it economically, politically, socially, or culturally. For example, many house chores are seen to be very easy, but in a day, a woman is supposed to prepare meals three times and at the same time do the cleaning while also taking care of the kids. If the total number of hours that both women and men work is put together, the woman works for mo re hours compared to a man (Gupta 73). In today’s society, the world is going through social change and the role of women as being house wives is changing. Today women are being educated and as a result, they are occupying high powered positions and influential careers, which have brought a fresh outlook and a positive impact in the society. This paper discusses the positions of women in today’s society and the positive impacts they are making. The Role of Women in Literature Many women have been victimized for their attempts in the field of writing. This is because literature was a male dominated field and for a woman to get a position in literature, it has not been an easy task. Most women in these patriarchal societies have seen their gender as being a very big and painful obstacle towards the success of their writing careers. The nineteenth century saw the emergence of elite and educated women in America and Europe. Since then, this has presented threats to the soc ieties which are very rooted in patriarchy, as women can represent themselves even in public arenas and that means empowering women (Pastor and Lloyd 2-3). During the second half of the twentieth century, Latin America saw an emerging and influential group of women writers, who have left an authoritative legacy through their literature. Most of these writers concentrated on their historical marginalization, but the trend is changing and the modern women writers have embarked on different themes like those of science and mathematics among others. The women are now seen to have positive impacts in the society from all aspects of their literature. In America, there have been many women writers who have contributed a lot to literature. Examples of these women include Zora Neale Hurston and Toni Morrison among others. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) is a re-known folklorist and writer, who is celebrated for her great impact on the culture of the African American society of the rural south (Britannica Educational Publishing, American Literature 131). She is also remembered for the contributions that she had on the Harlem Renaissance. Harlem Renaissance was an African American culture, which involved creative arts and that had a lot of influence in the African American history. The impact of this was that it helped the black people to be proud of their heritage and re-conceptualize the stereotypes from the whites that had affected their heritage to each other. It has also served as the basis of all African American literature as well as black literature worldwide (Britannica Educa

Role of the Nurse in HIV Prevention and Care

Role of the Nurse in HIV Prevention and Care INTRODUCTION This brief considers role of the nurse in the HIV prevention and care in the black African community. The document considers empirical literature from academic, governmental, and other sources. It is argued that the available evidence is too scant to warrant conclusive inferences about the role of nurses in HIV care and management for this ethnic group. This is compounded by ambiguities about the role of nurses in promoting sexual health, and uncertainty about the appropriate criteria for evaluating their impact on the African community. Black Africans in Britain According to the Department of Health (2005b) approximately 480,000 people living in England (less than 1% of the population) have Sub-Saharan African heritage, by birth and /or descent. More than 75% live in the Greater London area, mostly in inner London Boroughs. Compared to the rest of the UK population, Africans tend to be younger, well educated (just 13% of Africans reported have no educational qualifications), more likely to be unemployed and living in rented (often overcrowded) accommodation. Asylum legislation has meant that a significant proportion of the population has questionable migration status in the UK. New arrivals in the UK, including asylum seekers, are offered a medical examination that may include a HIV test if this is requested, or the medical examiner judges that a test is necessary. The test result is not necessarily considered when an asylum application is processed. Many Africans live in isolation, separated from friends and family back in Africa, (for asylum seekers), with no access to public funds, and struggling to adapt to a new culture (Millar Murray, 1999). Many are struggling to learn English. Sexuality is heavily influenced by traditional (tribal) beliefs, taboos, customs, religion, and spirituality. HIV is virtually a taboo subject. Thus, a sero-positive status has a significant effect on various aspects of a persons life, including problems dealing with the diagnosis, ambivalence about whether or not to test, gender issues (e.g. whether or not to breastfeed), and coming to terms with the possibility of death (e.g. implications for children, family) (Miller and Murray, 1999; Doyal Anderson, 2005). The prevalence of HIV infection is high in both the immigrant and British born/resident African populations. Asylum seekers and others with unsatisfactory immigration status have limited access to public funds, live in poverty, and generally avoid utilising public health services, until illness is at an advanced stage. Black Women There is considerable research on the plight of African women as distinct from men (e.g. Withell, 2000; Tabi Frimpong, 2003). Much of this literature highlights aspects of their increased susceptibility, or predisposing factors or experiences. Motherhood is an extremely important goal for many African women, so that unprotected sex becomes a cultural necessity. Doyal and Anderson (2004) document the devastating impact of HIV on the lives of African women living in Britain. Many women harbour serious concerns about the health of their offspring. There is a distinct reluctance to give birth to a sick (HIV-positive child). Many women have a vague immigration status, whereby they may not be entitled to state benefits, have no work permit and/or rely on charities for subsistence. The immigration issue is multidimensional. Many women live with a chronic fear of deportation, perhaps remaining in doors for days at a time, and/or refusing to open the door when the bell rings. Then there is the poor housing. Some put up with unsanitary and crumbling accommodation due to lack of funds and the awareness that housing conditions back home in Africa are much worse. Furthermore, some individuals become distressed or depressed because they are isolated from friends and family back home, and for a prolonged (and perhaps indefinite) period of time. Finally, many women may be unsure of their health care entitlements in the UK, and hence be unaware off and/or fail to utilise appropriate HIV care services. Additionally, religious faith remains a stable and salient characteristic of Black African culture. In the face of adversity many women turn to religion for hope and deliverance. Doyal and Anderson (2004) quote one woman: I have turned to God. I have really got to know more about God now. I know God exists . God is in control. I know there is an afterlife here (p.1736). The danger is that some women may seek therapeutic remedy from God, as a substitute for seeking medical care. Epidemiology According to Department of Health (2005a) figures provided by the Communicable Disease Surveillance Center (CDSC), up to 12,558 black Africans living in England by 2003 were HIV-positive. This figure was based records from HIV treatment clinics and care centers in England, and accounts for 36% of the total number of people in England living with HIV. In 2003 69% of heterosexual HIV-positive people (or 2624 individuals) were probably infected in sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of cases (65%) were female. In 2002 black Africans accounted for 70% of the total number of diagnosed HIV infections. Furthermore, â€Å"of the 15,726 heterosexual men and women seen for care in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 2003 for whom ethnicity was reported, 70% (11068) were black African, 19% (3009) were white and 4% (657) black Caribbean. Africans feature in all the main transmission routes for HIV†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.12) (see Figure 1). HIV positive Africans tend to be diagnosed much later in the course of the HIV disease, and show low uptake of clinical monitoring and antiretroviral treatments. Focus: The North West of England The North West HIV/AIDS Monitoring Unit (2005a, 2005b), based at the Center for Public Health at Liverpool John Moores University, regularly and comprehensively Figure 1 Distribution of HIV infections (those seen for care) across ethnic groups in 2003 monitors HIV trends in Northwest of England. The surveys are supported by the Health Protection Agency and the Northwest Public Health Observatory, and cover three main regions: Cumbria and Lancashire, Cheshire and Merseyside, and Greater Manchester. The Units data reflects both new and total HIV cases and dates back to 1996. The total number of HIV cases virtually doubled over the nine-year period from 1996 to 2005, rising from fewer than 300 in 1996 to over 600 by mid 2005. The data suggests that black Africans living in the Northwest have an unusually highly risk of contracting HIV compared to other ethnic groups. This trend applies to both newly diagnosed HIV cases from January to December in 2004 and 2005, and total HIV cases by the end of these periods. Also, this pattern seems to echo national trends. Africans accounted for almost a quarter (23.1%) of total HIV/AIDS cases (3574), by far the highest figure of all ethnic minority groups. For comparison, black Caribbeans made up less than one percent (0.7%, or 26 cases). The vast majority of black Africans (93.1%, or 769 of 826 cases) contracted HIV through heterosexual interactions. This contrasts sharply with Caucasian cases, of whom more than three-quarters (75.2%) contracted the virus through homosexual intercourse. When the data was collapsed by gender, again, black African women accounted for the majority (63.4%) of the 857 females diagnosed with HIV. These findings may be confounded by significant variations in the distribution of ethnic groups across the UK and native (British born) versus immigrant status. For example, population census figures show a much higher population density for black Africans compared with black Caribbeans in the Northwest regions. This may partly account for the over representation of Africans in some categories. Furthermore, it is not clear whether patterns observed are statistically significant. On the other hand the proportion of Africans amongst new and total HIV cases is over represented when compared with the proportion of Africans in the overall UK population. Current Health Strategies Prior to 2001 there was no official health strategy for promoting sexual health in Britain. In July 1999 the Secretary of State for Health presented a white paper to Her Majesty, the Queen, titled Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation (The Stationary Office, 1999). Curiously the HIV/AIDS threat received little mention in what was otherwise a comprehensive document on the Governments health policy. The lack of an elaborate national strategy for HIV/AIDS meant that the steady increases through the 1990s in HIV-related morbidity and mortality (North West HIV/AIDS Monitoring Unit, 2005a) went virtually unchecked. This all changed in 2001 when the Department of Health published the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV (Department of Health, 2001, 2002, 2005a, 2005b). The strategy outlines several generic aims: Reducing the transmission of HIV and other STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections); Reducing the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV and STIs (in other words, increasing HIV testing for people at risk). Improve health and social care for HIV-infected people; Reducing the social stigma associated with sexually transmitted diseases, notably HIV. In 2005 the Department of Health published more detailed objectives for HIV prevention specifically within the African community (Department of Health, 2005b). These objectives were as follows; HIV Prevention: 1.Reducing transmission (sexual and vertical); 2.Reducing prevalence of undiagnosed HIV cases; 3.Eliminating the stigma associated with sero-positive status. Health and Social Care: 1.Ensuring that HIV-positive Africans have equal access to services; 2.Ensuring that those services are culturally sensitive; 3.Ensuring that service delivery is based on assessment of individual need; 4.Facilitating access to testing; 5.Making special provision for children and adolescents; 6.Improving adherence to anti-HIV treatment regimes; 7.Creating better access to education, employment and leisure; 8.Supporting carers and families; Eliminating social exclusion is minimized. Several strategies for prevention are outlined. The first plan is that HIV prevention must operate at both an individual and structural level. Prevention activity at the individual level must address knowledge deficiencies (e.g., awareness of available health services), tackle inappropriate attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and intentions, and teach relevant skills (e.g., condom negotiation). These goals can be achieved through various interventions including one-to-one counseling, out-reach work, telephone help lines, the internet, provision of sperm washing services, and clinical interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Structural prevention measures include reducing poverty, introducing and implementing appropriate laws and regulations, and modifying societal factors (e.g., social norms, stigma, discrimination), and organisational factors (e.g., supporting community health organisations). Structural change can be achieved through group, community, and socio-political level interventions. Strategies for social care include: making peer support available at special ‘flashpoints’ of maximum need (such as at diagnosis, or during times of emotional distress), in order to improve adherence to treatment regimes; and providing support, advice, and education to sero-positive people, to help them to return to education. Additionally, the Department of Health (2005a) has clarified how the National Strategy for Sexual Health can be implemented by primary medical services, through four contracting routes: Primary Medical Services (PMS), General Medical Services (GMS), Alternative Provider Medical Services (APMS), and PCT-led Medical Services (PCTMS). All four services rely heavily on nurses, and â€Å"provide flexibility and opportunities to tailor services around the needs of the patients† (p.17). Thus, in theory, the current sexual health strategy can be tailored to meet the needs of minority ethnic groups. RATIONALE Black Africans are the minority ethnic subgroup most at risk for contracting HIV/AIDS in the UK. It is therefore widely acknowledged that this group has special care and management requirements (Department of Health, 2005a). Gaps in Care and Practice This report reviews the literature on nursing HIV care provision specifically for the black African community. The review identifies various salient issues that need to be addressed: 1. Uncertainty about the role and effectiveness of nurses in prevention and care of this ethnic group. 2. Insufficient empirical evidence on various aspects of prevention/care including; the role of nurse in facilitating uptake of antenatal testing by African women, and HIV testing by Africans in general; the degree of involvement and effectiveness of nurses in community-based African HIV/AIDS projects; sensitivity to cultural factors in, palliative care, and self-management; Dealing with the HIV stigma and its effect on health service utilisation; and nurses roles in supporting involuntary care provision. 3. Inadequate evidence on the role that African nurses can play in reducing cultural barriers, and providing liaison and training services. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature searches were performed using several electronic data bases: PSYCHINFO (BIDS), INTERNURSE, Academic Search Premier (EBSCOhost databases), British Medical Journal On-line, HIGHWIRE Press, SOCIAL CARE Online, Department of Health database, and the Internet. Various combinations of the following key words were used: nurse, nursing, care, African, black, ethnic, minority, women, sub-Saharan Africa, community, HIV, AIDS, palliative, and antenatal[1]. Priority was given to studies published from the late 1990s, although due to the paucity of literature some earlier studies are reviewed. Furthermore, emphasis was placed on UK studies. However, limited evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa is considered to highlight certain cultural issues. Finally, the review is structured in relation to prevention (including antenatal testing and transmission through breastfeeding), and health and social care (Department of Health, 2005a). The Nurses Role The National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV (Department of Health, 2001, 2002) illuminated the rise in HIV sero-prevalence for ethnic minority groups in Britain. Nursing care was identified as essential in managing sexually transmitted diseases and promoting sexual health in these groups. The prevention and care strategies for African communities, specified by the Department of Health (2005b), provide a framework for nurses to tailor their roles to meet the cultural needs of sero-positive Africans. Miller and Murray ((1999) provide a comprehensive account of some of these cultural characteristics, specifically regarding response to a positive diagnosis, parenting issues especially for HIV-infected mothers, problems of disclosure, attitudes towards death, immigration issues, and common health care dilemmas, and effective engagement between carer and patient. Training According to the Medical Foundation for AIDS and Sexual Health (2003) nurses do not receive any special training in HIV care and prevention. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) approves special HIV training courses for nurses but these are not offered in all universities and colleges, and may be optional at institutions that offer them. According to Campbell (2004, p.169), Pre-registration training for nurses does not include mandatory education relating to sexual health services. Nurses working in sexual health gain post-basic education in an ad-hoc manner through working in the specialty, and by undertaking specialist post-registration courses. Moreover, although the NMC regularly monitors courses, it does not scrutinise individual courses that confer no special qualification, so that they may be considerable variability in the quality of courses offered in different institutions. Thus, it is possible that a large percentage of nurses have no special knowledge or skills in HIV prevention/care for ethnic minority groups. It follows that many nurses that may be ill prepared to deal with the particular HIV needs of African communities. However, nurses who work in Greater London, and hence are regularly exposed to African patients/communities, may quickly acquire some degree of ad-hoc expertise. By contrast nurses based in other parts of the country with smaller African communities may be especially uninformed and inexperienced. Role Ambiguity In the absence of mandatory HIV training, there may be some ambiguity about the precise roles/tasks nurses are required to perform in HIV care/prevention. Campbell (2004) notes that career pathways are patchy and ill defined, and it may be necessary for nurses to undertake placements in key areas of sexual health. Certain aspects of HIV care are applicable to other diseases, and hence may form part of a nurse’s standard training and job description (e.g. antenatal testing, patient pre-admission assessments). However, certain tasks are specific to HIV and/or a particular population group. Some nurses may be uncertain whether such roles are within their jurisdiction. For example, whose job is it to reduce the powerful HIV stigma that prevents many sero-positive Africans from testing for HIV, and/or benefiting from family support? Who is responsible for addressing cultural taboos and totems? Palliative Care This refers to nursing care aimed at maximising the quality of life for terminally ill patients, for example by reducing pain and discomfort. The National Council for Hospice and Specialist Palliative Care Services (NCH-SPCS) identifies seven domains of palliative care: increasing patient/carer understanding of diagnosis/prognosis; alleviating pain/symptoms; facilitating patient independence; reducing patients/carers negative affect (e.g. anxiety, depression); soliciting support from other agencies; advising on appropriate care locations as illness progresses; supporting families/carers, before/after death. To what extent do nurses meet these requirements met in sero-positive black African patients? There is a paucity of research addressing the palliative care needs of black African patients specifically. However, some studies have examined the needs of ethnic minority groups in general (Jack et al, 2001; Diver et al, 2003). Various barriers to effective palliative care for ethnic minorities have been identified including communication difficulties and the lack of trained interpreters (Jack et al, 2001). Diver et al (2003) conducted a qualitative study to identify the specific palliative needs of ethnic minority patients attending a groups regarding palliative care. Participants comprised two Jamaicans, one Indian, and one from the Ukraine, but no black Africans, who attended the day-care center once or twice weekly, for up to a year. Several key themes emerged. One concerned the individual needs of the patients, which were not related specifically related to culture (e.g. diet, religion, day care, avoiding social isolation). Two other themes highlighted attempts to fit in with the dominant culture, for example by eating English foods and communicating with staff in English. Another theme highlighted positive perceptions of palliative care: participants expressed gratitude to staff, with one individual noting â€Å"the Macmillan nurse had been sympathetic and had not pressurised her when she decided to stop having chemotherapy† (p.395). However, participants reported that staf f had not inquired about their culture albeit they simultaneously felt their cultural needs were being addressed. Although Diver et al’s (2003) study involved a very small sample, the findings suggest that nursing staff can effectively meet the palliative needs of minority patients. Some evidence suggests that nursing care can be more effective when a liaison professional is involved. Jack et al (2001) assessed the value of a ‘liaison’ worker that mediates between ethnic minority patients, their families, and health care staff. This study focused on the role of an ethnic minorities ‘liaison’ officer, appointed in May 2000. The workers brief is to facilitate palliative care amongst the Asian community specifically. Thus, he/she helps with communication, religious, gender-specific, bereavement, and other issues. However, several case studies are presented that illustrate the difficulties inherent in using a liaison person. For example, the liaison role is emotionally demanding and health care staff sometimes assume the liaison worker has medical expertise. Nevertheless, the concept of a liaison worker may improve the job performance of nursing staff involved in palliative care. Hill and Penso (1995) make recommendations that tailor palliative care to the needs of ethnic minority groups. These include: ethnic monitoring; having an equal opportunity policy; enforcing a code of conduct; staff recruitment/training; developing a communication strategy; health promotion; facilitating culture-specific care provision; appropriate food policies; community health initiatives. Given the paucity of research evidence focusing of HIV-positive black African patients in the UK, it remains unclear the extent to which these strategies facilitate effective palliative care in this population group. Some evidence is available concerning palliative care delivery in sero-positive women living in Sub-Saharan Africa (Defilippi, 2000; Gwyther, 2005). This evidence may provide additional insights that may apply to the care of black Africans who have emigrated to the UK. Gwyther (2005) documents the nature of palliative care in South Africa. Here, hospice care is primarily performed at home, with only a few inpatient units available on a short-term basis to selected patients (e.g. those with serve symptom control problems). A comprehensive community-based home care programme has been established, in which patient care is provided by the local community (e.g. extended family, neighbours), but managed by health care (hospice) staff. Thus, there has been a shift away from the conventional hospice domiciliary nurse as the primary caregiver to community care workers, who are trained, supervised, and supported by the professional nurse (p.113). This South African model has several advantages when applied to the UK theatre: Firstly, training extended family members (and perhaps even neighbours) in palliative care, with the aim of managing AIDS, and decreasing transmission of the HIV virus, may help resolve problems of communication, diet, custom, and other culture-specific issues that the patient considers relevant. This model goes some way to address Hill and Pensos (1995) recommendations for recruitment/training, effective communication, culture-specific care, suitable food policies, and community health initiatives. The professional nurse, free from some primary responsibilities of care, may be able to commit more resources to ethnic monitoring, enforcing codes of conduct, and ensuring equal opportunities in practice. Evidence-Based Practice There is a growing requirement in nursing and (other medical specialties) for evidence-based medicine/decision making (Thompson, et al, 2004). Evidence-based practice is particularly essential in the care of minority groups due to the relatively greater level of cultural ignorance in health care about ethnic minority customs compared with the dominant culture (Serrant-Green, 2004). There is a paucity of research assessing the degree to which nurses refer to empirical evidence when making clinical decisions about black African HIV patients. Thompson et al (2004) suggest that, in reality, nurses rarely consult evidence when making clinical decisions, irrespective of the patients’ background. Instead they are much more likely to consult their colleagues for information for advice. This is worrying because clinical decisions can be made about black-African patients based on incorrect assumptions rather than fact. For example, Gibb et al (1998) highlight the possibility that nurse midwifes may fail to offer antenatal HIV-testing to black African women, for fear of appearing discriminatory. Yet, there is little or no evidence about how black women may actually perceive such offers. Overall, there is a paucity of research on the role and effectiveness of nurses in delivering health and social care to the African community. Studies that focus on â€Å"black† patients (i.e. Afro-Caribbean or African parentage) cannot be generalised to Sub-Saharan Africans as HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence is significantly different for these groups, suggesting different health care requirements. Similarly, data collected from Asians, Bangladeshis and other UK minority groups is generally inapplicable as the cultures are vastly different. The role of African Nurses A significant number of black African nurses work for the NHS. These individuals may play an important role in facilitating HIV prevention and care in the African community (Andalo, 2004; UNISON, 2005). There are two ways this may happen. Firstly, African nurses can serve as in-house liaison workers, improving communication and eliminating cultural barriers between the health service and African communities. Secondly, African nurses can help in educating other health-professionals on fundamental cultural issues, both in relation to the African community as whole, and individual sero-positive patients. The Department of Health (2000b) acknowledges the significant contributions of African nurses to sexual (and other) health issues in the African community, in the form of the Mary Seacole Leadership Awards. A recent article published by BioMedCentral (Batata, 2005) indicates that over 3000 nurses trained in Sub-Saharan Africa were registered to work in the UK in 2002/2003. These nurses originated from eight countries (South Africa, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Zambia, Malawi, Botwana and Mauritius), most of which have high HIV sero-positive prevalence rates. It therefore follows that these professionals will be very familiar with HIV preventive and care measures that work effectively with African communities. Approximately a quarter of all the foreign trained nurses registered during 2002/2003 (i.e. including nurses from non-African countries) worked in or near London, with 49% based in other parts of England, suggesting that there is a significant nurse pool available to support African communities in the London area. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research evidence on the role of African nurses in facilitating HIV care and prevention in African communities. Most studies focus on immigration, recruitment, or discrimination issues, rather than job performance and impact on care provision for local communities. The World Health Organisation (2003) indicates that one of the three top non-EU source countries for international nurses working in the NHS is from a Sub-Saharan African country (South Africa). The number of nurses recruited from Zimbabwe has increased recently. Nevertheless, recruitment and retention remain a problem. Although the NHS is thought to have one of the most effective nurse recruitment schemes in the public sector, there are still problems recruiting African nurses. For example, Andalo (2004, p.17) notes that although there has a been a significant increase in the number of Africans applying for nurse diploma courses, the rejection rate was more than fifty percent higher for African compared with white applicants. However, an argument for more recruitment can be better formulated given empirical evidence on the value of African nurses in promoting HIV prevention and care in their community. Department of Health (2005b) highlights the â€Å"need for basic information regarding HIV transmission, testing, and treatment. In particular, cultural practices that place some Africans at particular risk of transmitting or acquiring HIV requires specific, culturally competent attention† (p.13). Community nurses play an important role in this regard (Hoskins, 2000). Moreover, effective dissemination of knowledge requires collaborations between health professionals and agencies, access to services, and other recommended measures (Department of Health, 2000a, 2001, 2002, 2005a, 2005b). Community Nursing Community nursing care for sero-positive Africans in Britain has expanded rapidly over the last decade, reflecting a national shift in emphasis towards community care (McGarry, 2004). The Department of Health framework for prevention and care emphasised the importance of partnerships between HIV prevention agencies, Primary Care Trusts, local African community-based organisations, and other establishments (Department of Health, 2005b). According to the Department of Health (2005b), over 75% of black Africans in Britain live within Greater London. The largest concentrations live in Inner London Boroughs, which also have high sero-prevalence rates. Thus, the role of community nursing in the Greater London area is of particular interest. There is some evidence of collaboration between different agencies. One south London HIV partnership incorporates up to fourteen HIV prevention organisations, including several African-based projects: One African project covers up to nine catchment areas (Croydon, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton, Wandsworth), and promotes the access to and utilisation of local HIV care and support services. This project recently launched a new treatment service designed to encourage men to adhere to treatment regimens. There is a paucity of research on the efficacy of such partnerships in reducing the spread of HIV in the black African Community. More importantly, there is limited empirical evidence on the involvement and impact of community nurses in these projects. The partnership in south London offers complementary HIV care services across the local area. Some of these services are available from local HIV clinics, were nursing staff presumably play a key role. Furthermore, there appears to be specific community nursing provision for children and families. For example a childrens hospital in Croydon offers nursing care for HIV-infected children and their families. Community nursing services are also available for adults. A study was commissioned to review progress on African HIV prevention initiatives in Enfield and Haringey, from 1997 to 2002. The investigation collected data on HIV-prevention needs, and voluntary and statutory sector provision, all of which are implemented by nurses (e.g. health visitors, community nurses, nurse midwifes). It was found that a lay referral system, operated solely by friends and family, worked effectively. Medical support from nurses and other health professionals was requested when symptoms become too serious. Compared with other ethnic groups HIV-positive Africans were more reluctant to test for HIV, and those who were sero-positive showed lower uptake of anti-retroviral treatments. Furthermore, there was evidence of poor attendance at clinical monitoring sessions, and it was argued that lat