Medical Experiments of the Holocaust

Medical Experiments of the Holocaust Kaitlin Holocaust in History January 6, 2013 Many brutal atrocities were committed during the Holocaust by the Nazi party against anyone they viewed as â€Å"unpure†. This included the Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Afro-Germans, Slavs, communists, the handicapped, and the mentally disabled. These groups were targeted, stripped away of their rights and citizenship, and then sent to concentration camps. Some of these camps were death camps; created for the sole purpose to annihilate these groups of people, mainly the Jews. At these camps, the prisoners were tortured, starved, brutally killed, and experimented on.In this research paper, I am going to discuss some of the medical experiments that were done to the prisoners by Nazi doctors. According to Education†¦A Legacy Forum, some of these experiments are freezing/hypothermia, high altitude tests, testing of the chemical sulfanilamide, seawater experiments, phosgene gas testing, genetic te sting, and the experimentation on twins. These experiments, no matter which one, were cruel and inhumane. Nazi doctors would experiment on prisoners without caring about the welfare of their patient. All restrictions were gone, and these doctors could do whatever they wanted.Many of these prisoners endured pain, and agony, to further the Nazi doctor’s research. The goals of these experiments were to promote the German race, â€Å"in the name of science†. ( Education†¦ A Legacy Forum, Josef Mengele, The Experiments) The freezing experiments were conducted to determine the most effective means for the Germans to avoid hypothermia while fighting on the Russian Front. For as many as five hours, doctors either put prisoners in large vats of ice water, or they would be strapped down on stretchers, and placed outside in the freezing weather naked.While these people were suffering with the pain of their bodies slowly freezing, the doctors would measure the changes in thei r body temperature, heart rate, and other factors. When a prisoner’s body temperature reached 80 °F, the doctors would use different methods of rewarming them. These included sleeping bags, scalding baths, internal irrigation (blistering hot water would be irrigated into the prisoner’s stomach), and the doctors would even force naked women to copulate with the near frozen prisoner. These resuscitation experiments were usually just as painful and deadly as the freezing experiments. The Experiments) In order to find the best way to save German pilots when they were forced to eject from their fighter planes at high altitude, they conducted experiments in which prisoners would be placed in chambers with a low pressure atmosphere. This was to simulate the altitudes, as high as 70,000 feet. The doctors monitored the prisoner’s physical and psychological responses as they slowly and painfully succumbed to their demise. Afterwards, the doctors would dissect the prison er’s brain, sometimes while they were still alive, to show the formation of small air bubbles in the brain’s blood vessels.As many as two hundred patients were tested on, and around eighty died on the spot. The rest were then executed in the gas chambers. (The Experiments, Josef Mengele and The Medical Experiments) The experiments to test the effectiveness of sulfanilamide and other drugs against infection for the purpose of helping the German Army were performed since many front line soldiers suffered from persistent and deadly gangrene. Doctors would inflict battlefield-like wounds in prisoners. They would then rub glass, wood, metal, and bacteria into the wound, resulting in infection.Blood vessels were tied with a tourniquet to simulate what would actually happen to an actual war wound on the front lines. Since the infection would become so deadly, many prisoners died. Others endured serious injury and agony. (Josef Mengele and The Medical Experiments, Remember. or g, The Experiments) Seawater experiments were conducted to find out how to make seawater drinkable. Dr. Hans Eppinger, and other doctors, at the concentration camp located in Dachau conducted these experiments. They forced about ninety Gypsies to drink seawater only, while being deprived of food.Obviously since the salt content of the water causes the body to retain more salt, and lose more water, which is why seawater is undrinkable, these experiments caused serious bodily injury, major dehydration, and an enormous amounts of pain and suffering. The Gypsies were so dehydrated and so desperate for water, they reportedly â€Å"licked the floored after they had been mopped just to get a drop of fresh water. † (The Experiments, Remember. org) Experiments were conducted to find an antidote to phosgene, a toxic gas use as a weapon during World-War I.At Fort Ney near Strasbourg, France, Nazi doctors exposed roughly 52 concentration camp prisoners to the phosgene gas. This gas cause d extreme irritation to the prisoners’ lungs. Many of the prisoners suffered pulmonary edema after the exposure. Four died as a result of the experiments. (The Experiments) Josef Mengele, a Nazi doctor stationed at Auschwitz, was called the â€Å"Angel of Death†. Many times he would be the one who was in charge of â€Å"selection†. He had the power to decide the fate of the prisoner; he had the power of life and death over them. He was in charge of the many experiments conducted at Auschwitz.The experiments he is most known for are genetic experiments, and the experimentations on twins. (Josef Mengele) Many of those who were experimented on were children. They were kept separate from the other inmates. They were called Mengele’s children. Some of the younger children would call Dr. Mengele, Uncle Mengele, since he would offer them sweets. Mengele’s children usually have certain privileges, such as being able to keep their hair for the first few day s of the examinations, a small amount of extra food, and being spared from the beatings of the guards.However, even being treated slightly better, the excruciating pain and death from the experiments were inevitable. (Josef Mengele) The most important goal of the Nazis was to create the master race of the Aryans. They were to have blonde hair, blue eyes, and have pure German blood. Mengele was determined to find out the secret to creating this â€Å"perfect† Aryan race. He would apply eye drops, or inject chemicals into the children’s eyes in an attempt to change brown eyes to the preferred blue. Most of the time, the excruciating pain would leave the children blind for a day or more, and then return to normal.But at least one child would become permanently blind. Mengele would apply dyes to children’s scalps to see if the color can be controlled. Often times this would burn the scalp of the children. Blood test were taken and transfused in order to see which bl ood types mixed, and which blood types didn’t. (Josef Mengele, Josef Mengele and Experimentation on Human Twins at Auschwitz) Josef Mengele was fascinated with twins. He believed that twins held the key to unlocking the genetics to the Aryan race. When twins would arrive to the camp, the SS would yell out â€Å"Twins, twins! An Eva Mozes, a twin survivor from the camp recalls her experience â€Å"As I clutched my mother’s hand, an SS man hurried by shouting, ‘Twins, twins! ’ he stopped to look at us. Miriam and I looked very much alike. We were wearing similar clothes. ‘Are they twins? ’ he asked my mother. ‘Is that good? ’ replied my mother. He nodded yes. ‘They are twins,’ she said. † Twins were kept in separate barracks from the others in the camp. Sometimes they were given special treatment. Unfortunately, this treatment was short-lived. Of the three thousand twins who entered the camp, only two hundred su rvived to see the end of the war.They received blood tests on a daily basis, had surgeries performed without anesthesia, had transfusions from one twin to the other. One set of Gypsy twins were sewn to each other’s back. (Josef Mengele) One twin recalls the death of his brother. â€Å"Dr. Mengele had always been more interested in Tibi. I am not sure why—perhaps because he was the older twin. Mengele made several operations on Tibi. One surgery on his spine left my brother paralyzed. He could not walk anymore. Then they took out his sexual organs. After the fourth operation, I did not see Tibi anymore.I cannot tell you how I felt. It is impossible to put into words how I felt. They had taken away my father, my mother, my two older brothers– and now, my twin† Mengele performed autopsies on twins who died from the experiments. (Josef Mengele, Josef Mengele and Experimentation on Human Twins at Auschwitz, Children of the Flames; Dr, Josef Mengele and the Unt old Story of the Twins of Auschwitz) The medical experiments performed during the Holocaust are examples of why the welfare of humans is the top priority of experiments in science today.No human being should have to experience any pain in order to further the research of science. Hopefully, future generations will look back and never ever treat people lower than animals for their own gain. Citations Grabowski, John F. â€Å"Experiments in Terror. † Josef Mengele. Farmington Hills: Lucent Books, 2004. Print. Lagnado, Lucette M. Children of the Flames. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. 1996. Print. â€Å"Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine† Remember. org. N. p. Web. 20 Dec. 2012 Tyson, Peter. â€Å"The Experiments. † NOVA Online. N. p. Oct. 2000. Web. 20 Dec. 2012

Business Strategy Definition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4373 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? According to Johnson scholes (2005, Page 9) strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long period, ideally which seeks to match its resources to its changing environment and in particular its markets, customers or clients so as to meet stakeholders expectations. Strategy is viewed as a link between the firm and its environment (Grant, 2008). For a strategy to be successful it should be in harmony with the firms internal environment such as goals, values, resources, capabilities and systems, and the external environment in which it operates. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Strategy Definition" essay for you Create order Developing effective strategies cannot take place without firstly (Vignali et al, 2003) analysing the external environment in which the company operates. Vignali Vrontis, (2004) further suggested that environmental scanning of both the external and internal environment is necessary to formulate the strategy to reach their objectives. For an organisation it is important to analyse the macro environment which comprises of political, social, technological and economical issues; industry experts use PESTLE to analyse this macro environment. PESTLE is a tool used to analyse the external business macro environment in identifying how future trends might impact on organisations within an industry. Macro environment factors will impact to a greater or lesser extent on all companies in the business environment (Johnson Scholes, 2008). Pestle stands for Political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental. Political- legal, factors include antitrust regulations, envi ronmental protection laws, tax laws, foreign trade regulations, stability of government, European issues ;Economical factors such as GDP trends, interest rates, money supply, inflation rates, unemployment levels, exchange rates, foreign trade regulations; Sociocultural- lifestyle changes, consumer activism, career expectations, demographics; Technological changes such as New products, internet, telecom, networking. An example of PESTLE ANALYSIS for Airline Industry The political factors such as government support for national carriers, security control, restrictions on migrations will have a major impact on the industry. Economic factors such as national growth rates, fuel prices, recession, employment affects the airlines business. Social factors such as consumer spending, international holidays and International student exchange programmes, Olympics directly increase the sales of the business where as in technological factors such as fuel efficient engines, security check ma chines, online ticketing systems and environmental issues such as noise pollution, carbon emission regulations changes in any of the above factors will have a impact on the airlines industry. According to (Johnson Scholes, 2008) it is very important to find the key drivers for change rather than overwhelming on all the details of the environment factors, as the key drivers may vary within industries. The external forces impact the immediate environment (Johnson et al, 2005) creating competitive forces on the organisation in the industry. It is very important for managers to be aware of the companys environmental factors, competitive forces in the industry, which showcase the attractiveness of the industry and the success or failure of a particular company (Mintzberg et al, 1998). These environmental factors can be categorised either as opportunities or threat and are included in the strategic formulation. Porters five forces: Porters five forces model provides a useful basis to examine the extent of competition in an industry. Attractiveness of an industry with competitive forces can be identified with the help of five forces framework. The profit potential of an industry can be determined by collective strength of the five forces (Mintz berg et al). The five forces are: threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products or services, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers and rivalry among existing firms. Customers, suppliers, substitutes, and potential entrants are all competitors to firms in the industry (Porter, 2004, 2008). If all these forces are strong, the more limited is the ability of established companies to raise prices and earn greater profits (Wheelen Hunger, 2002; Hagen, 2010). A company can earn greater profits if there is a low competition force in the industry and a high competitive force can be viewed as threat since it may reduce profits. Many authors Johnson et al, 2008; Mintzberg et al,1998 ;Wheelen Hunger, 2002 ; Thompson Martin 2005;Grant, 2008 have used the porter five forces frame work in the academic texts. Threat of new entrants: New entrants bring new capacity; desire to gain market share and substantial resources (Mintzberg et al, 1998). The threat of entry depends on the height of barriers (Porter, 2004) and the reaction from existing competitors. Some of the entry barriers are Economies of scale: Economies of scale prevent the entry by forcing the potential competitor to come in on a large scale or to accept cost disadvantage. As the existing firms gain economies of scale through mass production and standard products from the suppliers there by enjoying lower cost per unit. Product differentiation: Existing firms have a brand differentiation and customer loyalty which has achieved by creating value to the customer, Differentiation creates a barrier to entry as the potential competitors needs to spend heavily to gain the market. Capital requirements: Capital requirements create a barrier to potential competitors as they need to invest huge amount, although it creates a barrier, if the returns are attractive then the potential competitors may enter the industry. Cost disadvantages independent of size: established companies enjoy cost advantage, which is not available to the potential competitor, as the existing firms have proprietary technology, availability of best raw materials, proprietary product knowledge Access to distribution channels will deter the entry of potential competitors and even the government regulations which prevents or limit entry into certain industries by restricting access to raw materials. Rivalry among existing firms: Rivalry among existing competitors takes place to gain market share from each other in the industry. The intensity of rivalry depends on several factors such as Number of competitors: if the competitors are equal in size there would be high rivalry as all the competitors try to gain dominance in the industry. Rate of industry growth: slow growth leads to price wars to gain market share. Height of exit barriers: its the opposite side of entry, as the firms investments in specialised assets, or managements loyalty (Porter, cited in Mintzberg et al,1998) huge amount in a particular business, keeps companies in market even though if they are running in loss or earning low returns. Bargaining power of buyers: Buyers may be the end consumer. Buyers compete within the industry by reducing the price and demanding for higher quality of products and services and playing competitors against each other. A buyers group may be powerful if the following factors hold true. Switching cost locks the buyer to particular sellers; on the other hand the buyers power will be improved if the seller faces switching cost and it earns low profits, thereby creating great incentive to lower purchasing cost. Buyers can threaten to enter the industry partially and pose a credible threat of backward integration and bargain to bring the prices down. Bargaining power of suppliers: The organisations that produce inputs such as material and labour in to the industry are called suppliers, these suppliers can affect the industry as they have the capability to increase the price or reduce the quality of the goods and services. The supplier group will be more powerful if they have few substitutes in the industry and if the product is functional. A supplier group will be more powerful if they are dominated by a few companies. Firms may pursue a backward integration strategy to gain control of suppliers, but this strategy will be effective when the suppliers are not reliable and charging high prices or not meeting the deadlines. Pressure from substitutes: It is the competition stirred from products outside the industry. According to Porter (2004), substitutes are the products that can serve the same purpose and depends on the willingness of the buyer. They have a tendency to attract a considerable proportion of the market volume and decrease the probable sales volume of the existing players. Also Porter (2004), states that, the price elasticity of a product is affected by substitute products if there are more number of substitutes available, the demand is more elastic since customers have more choices. Limitations: Porters five forces model is a strategic tool that is utilised to identify if a new business, product or service has the potential to be profitable. However, it is important to understand that this model has further limitations in current market environment, since it visualizes somewhat still market structure. Porters model is formerly based on the economic situation in the 80s with tough competition and comparative ly stable market structure; it is not able to consider the new business models and viability of the industries like dynamic market entrants and technological innovations which will entirely alter the business models within a small time. For example, computer and software industry is considered highly competitive. However, Five Forces Model is of limited value as it represents nothing more then the snapshots of moving pictures, since the structure of the industry is persistently transformed by innovation. Therefore, as stated by Kippenberger (1998) and Haberberg Rieple (2001), it is not prudent to develop strategy only on the basis of Porters Five Forces Model and should also be examined in addition to other strategic frameworks of SWOT and PEST analysis. Moreover, many academics and strategist have repeatedly challenged Porters framework. According to Coyne Subramaniam (1996), there are three ambiguous assumptions that underlie the five forces: That buyers, competitors suppliers are unrelated and do not interact and collude. That the source of value is structural advantage (creating barriers to entry). That uncertainty is low, allowing participants in a market to plan for and respond to competitive behaviour. In mid 1990s an important extension to the Porters Model was found with the help of the Game Theory (Brandenburger Nalebuff, 1995). The concept of Complementors also referred to as the 6th force was added, which helped in explaining the reasons behind strategic alliances. For example tourism industry and the airline industry are complementary industries. Also it is perhaps not reasonable to assess the attractiveness of an industry autonomous of the resources a company brings to that industry. Therefore to develop a more sound strategy for a firm a Resource Based View (RBV) should be used together with this theory (Wernerfelt, (1984); Rumelt, (1984)). The model should be adopted with the knowledge of its limitations and their use as a part of a bigger framework of management tools, techniques and theories. The five forces determine industry profitability as they influence cost, prices, and investments of firms in an industry and the elements of return on investment (porter, 1 990), even though it is criticised but it is still one of the widely accepted model to analyse the competitive forces. After identifying the forces affecting competition and their causes in the industry, the firm will be in a position to identify its strength and weakness relative to that industry. Resource based view (RBV): Resource Based View (RBV) is an economic tool utilized to identify a firms potential key resources. It is more frequently linked with the work of Prahalad Hamel (1990); Rumelt (1991); Grant (1991) and Peteraf (1993). It has an inside-out approach since it deals with the competitive environment facing the organization. Therefore, its beginning point is an organizations internal environment. According to Draft (1983) cited in Barney (1991, p. 101), firm resources include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc; controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness. According to Mahoney Pandian (1992); Hooley Greenley (2005) and Smith Rupp (2002), RBV of a firm describe its capability to delivering sustainable competitive advantage while the resources are managed in way that the end product cannot be replicated the competitors, hence creating a comp etitive barrier. Barney (2001), states that RBV explains that a firms sustainable competitive advantage is reached by virtue of unique resources, while these resources have the characteristics of being rare, valuable, inimitable, non-tradable, non-substitutable as well as firm specific. According to Prahalad Hamel(1990) cited in Thomspon Martin, Once the core competenecies are developed in the organisations they should be exploited and these core competencies should be flexible and responsive to the changing customer demands in market. The limitation of the resource based view is that it says very little on how resource can develop or change over time (Henry, 2008). The self-motivated role played by individuals within organisations is often assumed to be obvious and therefore rarely addressed. According to Priem Butler (2001), resource based view of strategy lacks details and hence is difficult for organisations to put into practice. Value chain analysis: The concept of value chain was developed in 1980 by Michael Porter, also known as value chain analysis. Value Chain helps in analysing specific activities so that a firm can create value and competitive advantage. Its a chain of activities for a firm operating in a particular industry. Every organisation has certain activities that link together to increase value of the business and these activities form the organisations value chain. According to Lynch (2003), these activities may include purchasing, manufacturing of products and distribution marketing of the organisations products and services. The competitive advantage in value chain is obtained from two sources: (i) differentiation advantage: customer perceives more value from the firms product, and (ii) low cost advantage: a firm provides the product or service at a lower cost than the average market cost. According to Svensson (2003), the value for the final customer is the value only in its theoretical context and not pr actical terms, which is a limitation of the model. The true value of the product is measured only when it reaches the final customer. Many academics and researchers have questioned the model and its applicability in context of the service industry. Generic strategies: TARGETING AND POSITIONING Positioning determines the profitability of firm in the industry. A firm that positions well in the industry may earn high rates of returns even though if the industry structure is unfavourable (porter, 2004 Pg. 11). Michael porter proposes 2 generic competitive strategies for outperforming other corporations in a particular industry: lower cost and differentiation (Wheelen Hunger, 2002) These competitive advantages combined with scope of activities, for which the firm seeks to achieve them lead to three generic strategies for by performing above there average in an industry: cost leadership, differentiation and focus (porter, 1990) Lower cost and differentiation strategies seek broad mass market while focus strategies aim at niche (narrow) market. The diagram below represents the porters generic strategies Cost leadership and differentiation strategies seek competitive advantage in a broad range of industry segments while focus strategies aim at cost advantage in the nar row segment. The focus has two variants, cost focus and differentiation focus. Cost leadership: This strategy focuses mainly on gaining competitive advantage by having the lowest cost in the industry (Porter, 2004), Mintzberg et al, 1998; Johnson et al 2008). According to (Malburg, 2000) to achieve the low cost benefit, the firm should have low cost leadership, low cost manufacturing and low work force strategies but (Hyatt, 2001) states the firms should have a large market share to gain the cost advantage, contrary to this Malburg (2001), Davidson, (2001) state that the cost leadership can be achieved by mass production, economies of scale, product design, R D, access to raw materials, proprietary technology, mass distribution. Having a low cost position yields the company above average returns even if they have strong competitive advantage. But according to porter (1985), only one firm in the industry can have the advantage of cost leader but Malburg (2000) stated that competitors fight through low cost leadership roles. Since low cost leadership firms have bigger market sh are, they will have high bargaining power with suppliers and enjoy above average on investments( Wheelen Hunger,2002) contrary to this( Cross, 1999) states cost leadership have certain disadvantages, as they create little loyalty to the customers and if the firm reduces the prices it may loose profits. Differentiation: The second generic strategy, companies using this strategy focus to be unique in the industry by offering products or services which are highly valued by buyers (Porter, 2004; cross, 1991; Hyatt, 2001). Differentiation is done by tailoring the customer needs and charging a premium for the customisation in the market. Differentiation strategy is more likely to generate revenue higher profits than low cost strategy as it creates a defensible position (Porter, 2004. pg .37) for coping with five forces. The customer loyalty and need for uniqueness creates a barrier of entry for potential competitor (Wheelen Hunger, 2002, Porter, 2004).According to (Mc Cracken, 2002) the key step in developing a differentiation strategy is to find how the company is different from the competitors. Mc Cracken Davidson suggested that the differentiation can be the market sector, quality of work, product, delivery system and the marketing approach and to be effective the message of differentiation sho uld reach the end users. (Hyatt, 2001) says that firms must add a premium to the cost when using differentiation strategy however Hlavacka et al (2001) argued that cost and prices are not considered as the main focus but on the other hand Cross (1999) stated that since customers are loyal to the company and are willing to pay the higher price for its product. Focus: According to Porter; Davidson, (2001); Cross, (1991), the firms which follow this strategy target a specific segment of the market, this strategy is completely different from the others as it relies on narrow competitive scope in an industry (porter), the company can focus on a selected group of customers, geographical area, product range, focus strategies are effective when consumers have preferences and if the niche market is not recognised by rival firms. The focus strategy has two variants. Cost focus: Firms seeks cost advantage in the target market segment. Cost focus is a low cost competitive strategy and exploits cost behaviour differences in some segments. In using this strategy the company seeks a cost advantage in its target segment. Differentiation focus: Firms seek differentiation in its target market. Differentiation exploits needs of buyers. According to Wheelen Hunger (2002) there are various risks involved in implementing competitive strategies, none of the strategy guarantees to achieve success and some companies implemented porters strategy and failed to sustain the strategy. Some companies that try to attempt cost leadership and differentiation is stuck in the middle (porter). Helms et al, 1997 says that there is much debate on using two generic strategies at the same time. But according to Porter differentiation and cost leadership are mutually exclusive (Porter), on the other hand Helms et al (1997) found companies that used combination strategies have higher returns on investments. Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff product/market growth matrix Ansoff, (1988), cited in Johnson et al(2008), provides four alternative directions for strategic development, according to this model the firm can decide their strategy depending on the resources. This matrix helps the firm to determine the growth strategies of the firms. Market penetration: The strategy of increasing the sales in the current market with the existing products. They spend heavy budgets on advertising to create customer satisfaction and to attract the customers from the competitors, there by creating a high competition. Product development is the strategy of increasing sales with the development of current product or by developing new product. Developing a new product in the current market needs lot of innovation as they should match the customer taste. Market development is the strategy of increasing sales of the existing products in a new market attracting new customers, moving to new geographical area, new segments. Diversification takes the firm completely away from the existing market and the existing products. Diversification takes place when new products are developed and sold in new markets. Diversification allows the firms to spread the risks in a wide array of markets. Swot Analysis: Swot is an acronym of strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Scanning of external environment STEP, Porters five forces, for opportunities and threats and internal environment such as resources, capabilities, financial, marketing, value chain, technology for strengths and weakness is an important part in developing strategic planning. According to Vrontis, (1999), it is very important if the companies want to capitalise on their strengths and minimise weakness, exploit market opportunities as they arise and avoid threats. SWOT gives us the key issues that may impact on strategy development (Johnson et al, 2008). It can also be used to convert weakness into threats and threats into opportunities. RYAN AIRWAYS AND BRITISH AIRWAYS They would like to understand the underpinning logic of the strategy choices/generic strategies available to them and you have asked you to provide some detailed illustrations from the airline industry. The product/service differentiation visions and strategies of SIA, BA and UAL, as they prepare for the new millennium, provide interesting contrast and comparison insights and lessons on product/service differentiation for the industry as a whole SIA is strategically positioned in the premium service, quality and value market segment of the international airline industry. Service is the raison de tre of SIA, and at the heart of its service reputation is the Singapore Girl. Since the late 1980s, SIA has always held the view that: The airline industry is, by its very nature, a service industry. In a free market, the success or failure of an individual airline is largely dictated by the quality of the service it provides (Harvard Business School, 1989). https://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2610310604.html#2610310604001.png References Porter, M. 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Harvard business review 2008 available at: https://www.ascendcfo.com/pdfFiles/HBR-The%20Five%20Competitive%20F orces%20That%20Shape%20Strategy.pdf- Accessed on [10 March 2010] Vignali, C., Vrontis, D. (2004), Global Marketing and Export Management, Foxwell and Davies, London Cited in Vrontis,D. stavrou,A. Kogetsidis.H(2006).Strategic marketing planning for a supplier of liquid food packaging products in Cyprus, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, Volume.21,No.4 pp: 250-261 Barney, J.B. (1991).Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1), pp.99-120. Daft, L.R. (1983).Organizational Theory and Designs, West Pub. Co., St. Paul. Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G., (1990). The Core Competence of the organization. Harvard Business Review, 68 (3), pp.79-91. Rumelt, R.P., (1991), How much does industry matter? Strategic management journal, vol.12 No.3, pp.167-85. Grant, R.M., (1991), The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(spring), pp.114-35. Peteraf, M ., (1993), The cornerstones if competitive advantage: a resource based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14, pp.179-91. Mahoney, J.T. and Pandian, J.R., (1992), The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.15 No.5, pp. 363-380. Hooley, G.J. and Greenley, G.E., (2005). The Resource Underpinnings of Competitive Positions,Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol.13, No.2.pp.93-116. Smith, A.D. Rupp, W.T. (2002). Communication and Loyalty among Knowledge Workers: a resource of the firm theory view, Journal of Knowledge Management. Vol. 6 No.3, pp.250-61. Barney, J.B., (2001). Is the Resource-Based Theory a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research? Yes, Academy of Management Review., Vol.26 No.1, pp.41-56. Henry, A., (2008). Understanding Strategic Management. Oxford University Press. Priem, R.L. and Butler, J.E., (2001). Is the resource based view a useful perspective for strategic management resea rch? Academy of Management Review, Vol.26 No.1. pp. 22-40. Lynch, R., (2003). corporate strategy.3rd ed. London: FT Prentice Hall. Svensson, G., (2003). Consumer driven and bi-directional value chain diffusion models, European Business Review, Vol. 15, No. 6, p. 390-400. Allen.R.S, Helms.M,(2004) Linking strategic practices and organisational performance to porters generic strategies, Business process management journal ,vol. 12 No.4 ,pp.433-454. Executive summary This report provides the strategic tools and techniques used in formulating strategy. This report starts with the external analysis of macro environment by using PESTLE and industry analysis to identify the profit potential by using the porters five forces frame work. The external analysis is carried to identify the threats and opportunities in the operating environment. Internal analysis of the firm is carried out to identify the strengths and weakness of the firm using by using Porters value chain, Resource based view. Porters three generic strategies have been explained for positing of the firm and Ansoff growth/productmatrix is also explained. An overview of ryan airways and british airways has been provided with and to identify then internal analysis frameworks using RBV , porters value chain and porters generic strategies.

The Insider Secret on Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Discovered

The Insider Secret on Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Discovered Practice brainstorming plenty of different essay prompts from the ETS website to get accustomed to coming up with examples that you may use to support your viewpoint. Others, naturally, scoff at the idea since they're such great writers. It is possible to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Also a reminder that you could work with me if you're searching for issue essay feedback. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets So, it's rather safe to say that the AWA score is a significant enough element in regards to admissions. Consequently, you'll wind up with a score much lower than that which you actually deserve. The GRE score is needed for the admission to numerous graduate programs. Ideally to target fantastic universities, any score above 4 is thought to be good. You can locate the list in their site and brainstorm at least 10 out of them before you like the exam. As the ETS website states, you don't have to be acquainted with all the many kinds of logical fallacies, but herein we'll describe the five that most commonly show up on the test. Test takers all over the world believe they can easily master AWA in a day or two. Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets - the Story You only want to say that the argument is unwarranted for a lot of reasons. As soon as you answer a question you are unable to return to review it or change the reply. To earn argument logical emotions never ought to be deemed as a tool. Whether the writer is correct in maintaining his thought or he's mistaken and ignores some vital issues that could render the argument baseless in some circumstances. In addition, do not at any point imply that the argument has any merits. International warming persuasive essay is supposed to convince the reader your argument or thoughts a re correct. You must discuss the trustworthiness of the argument. The question of argument essay is in the shape of an argument written by means of an author. You may discover that it is possible to use a number of them for many essays don't let the very first thing that springs to mind box you in. The 2nd essay would be regarding the argument analysis. The argument essay also requires you to have an excellent language. It is considered difficult by most of the students. The Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Cover Up Job essay writing is a type of writing that you should master. Nowadays you know what it can take to receive an ideal essay score. You may observe that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are hard to completely support. The issue essay in GRE needs an adequate amount of prep before the actual test. Not only do you have to read through GRE sample essays, but you also have to look for topics on which you may write GRE sample essays yourself and have them evaluated. If you want to know more regarding the GRE essay length, we've completed a distinct post on that. The GRE is composed of three unique sections. The ideal way to find out how to find a high Analytical Writing score is to examine a GRE essay sample, but doing so with no guidance can be overwhelming. However you get ready for the essays, make sure you at least write a couple of each type before you take the actual GRE. There are dozens and dozens of mock essays on the net, and with a very simple google search, you can get access to different essays for the GRE. Employing good words improves the standard of the essay. There are quite a lot of sites that can help you in evaluating your essays and also in supplying you with useful GRE sample essays. Gre Argument Essay Samples Ets Secrets That No One Else Knows About The grade of the essay will be wholly judged by your capacity to choose 1 side of the coin, and how well you're able to develop and support that decision. Of course you'll find many folks who are unable to write logically which is the reason why they try to locate some fantastic custom writing service. Likewise, the writer is optimistic concerning the state promise to wash the river.

Home Is More Than Two Walls And A Roof - 890 Words

What is Home? What is home? Some people may consider home to be at their parents’ house, or their own house. It can also be a place you really like or somewhere you spend a lot of time at. You may call a lot of places home and still feel at home there. Also, you should never forget where you came from and what home means to you. Home is where I was raised. Where I played, laughed, and learned. It is where I grew up at, and where I became me. I believe that home is more than four walls and a roof. Home is an environment. It’s a feeling that I get when I walk through the front door. Home is where I became myself, not primarily physically but mentally too. It became a mold that formed who I am today. Home is my childhood, and my memories it means family and friends, and all the times we spent together. My best friend name is Lydia, and we have been friends since Kindergarten. We first met in Kindergarten; it was the first day of kindergarten at Pineville Elementary. I remember getting off the bus at the school, and my teacher Mrs. Potee was there to meet us. After, she had everyone that was in her class off the bus we went to the classroom. When I first walked in the classroom is was full of colorful posters with learning material on them, cubbies with our names on them, and the table had our names on it too. At the table where I was sitting I didn’t know I was going to meet my best friend. Throughout the years at Pineville Elementary we became very close. We would doShow MoreRelatedLegal Rights And Responsibilities Of Tenant Tenants1380 Words   |  6 Pagesregistration as well the state property laws lays out the laws surrounding both the tenant and the landlord. Houses, mobile homes, apartments, are governed property laws. These laws are documented in the Landlord and Tenant Acts 1967 to 1994, Residential Tenancies (Amendment) as well as Residential Tenancies Act 2004. These laws do not cover tenants who have rented a room in the landlord’s home. 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Like hideous costume jewelry adorned with imposturous emeralds and a rusty chain: Such a cheap and easy thing to come by in life. My masquerading monster manifests when people tell me of their childhood homes. These structures of solace as bustling houses that line small streets.Read More Gothic Arches Versus Romanesque Arches1185 Words   |  5 Pagesthe following: thick walls, barrel/round arches, supporting groin vaults, and thick buttresses (Calkins 1998, 110). The Gothic period was characterized by the following: thin walls, pointed arches, stained glass, and flying buttresses (Icher 1998, 20-30). During the early medieval years, the use of thick walls in building a church or cathedral was not only to create a stable monumental building but to help protect the building during wars or battles. Building thick stone walls also helped protect

Braveheart Essay Example For Students

Braveheart Essay Medieval Society has had much of a affect on society today. For example, many movies have been based off the Middle Ages and the society there. One of the greatest movies that took place in the Middle Ages was Braveheart. Mel Gibson, most likely best movie, had a great affect on society today. It tought many people of what it was like back in the 1300s. First of all, Braveheart was a movie about the early Scottish people. The main character, William Wallace, played by Mel Gibson, is part of a rebel family towards the King. Edward the Longshanks is a selfish king and not a lot of people like him. Only the ones that work for him. As Williams father fails at getting the Scottish their freedom, William follows in his fathers footsteps and he begins his long quest to make Scotland free once and for all, along with the assistance of Robert the Bruce. Other assistance comes from his friends Hamish and Stephan. Can William Wallace get Scotland their freedom. The rise of a town can be an impossible thing to accomplish for many. This includes being a good leader and having certain characteristics. For example, you leadership must be fair to all that you represent. A group of rebellions can come just like that if you are not fair to them. Feeding, clothing, and other things must all be provided. Plus, protection is needed in case of invasion by other countries. This would require training your people with weapons and teaching them how to defend themselves and be brave when told to CHARGE! Another characteristic of your town to rise to the top is having good relationships with surrounding countries. You have to be able to have another country join you in case of battle. If there is a war and everyone hates you, you and your people will get killed not only by the other countries but by your country too. There was a definite rise of the town is Scotland. It was William Wallace who made this happen. He was the leader and he did everything a leader should do. As said, a rise of the town means your people should have courage when said to charge. Wallace led many charges and nobody backed down. Everyone was also well prepared and had the knowledge to fight and how to defend themselves. With it they won that battle and many others. Wallaces people also looked up to him in every way. He was like a role model to them. Everything he did was just fine for the people. Wallace had co-leaders, kind of, too. Hamish and Stephan would help William out a lot. Scotsmen also looked up to them too. Those three helped make it all happen. There werent much use of nice homes back in the Middle ages. The very wealthy had houses like an average one today and some very wealthy people had the same size house but much nicer on the inside. They  had thrones, pictures, messages, signs, etc. Much of this stuff, however, wasnt used in Braveheart. An average person would sleep on the ground at night and others would just never sleep at all. Even Wallace didnt have a home. Him, Hamish, and Stephan had separate tents. The very wealthy, like Robert the Bruce, had only a house that would look like a shack today. The inside was all dusty or creaky. However, this was actually considered to be pretty rich back then. Another characteristic is what people thought of their opposing leaders. In the Middle Ages everyone thought of their opposing leaders like expected. Selfish, dirty, pieces of -. It was everyones goal to be able to kill the hated leader. .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .postImageUrl , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:hover , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:visited , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:active { border:0!important; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:active , .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78fd6ee8717418f63da948d6ca5d029f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Philosophy of Groundhog Day EssayIn the movie, everyone hated William Wallace that were on King Edwards side. In the end, when Wallace was captured, everyone was spitting and throwing stuff at him since he killed so many of the people of their country. Everyone swore at him, and at least tried to curse him. Wallace looked like he didnt care and had, maybe, expected it coming. One last characteristic of the Middle Ages was how the leaders alone acted. No one really had a brave heart. A lot of them were just lazy and selfish with a lot of money. Some leaders didnt even know what a leader meant or what they had to do. They were just there. For example, Jon Lackland was leader once in the Middle Ages and he lost all of the land that his mother had passed down to him in a matter of years. It just shows that a lot leaders back them were very messed up. Even though it was just a movie, Wallace was probably the best leader of that time. As said, a lot of leaders are selfish and dont think much of their people. At the very end when Wallace was about to get killed, he showed that he wanted his people to have their freedom that they deserved. A deal was offered to William from the king. Just say the word MERCY! and all the pain will stop and he would die a painless death. As Wallace was going through his torture even the people that hated him were chanting for him to saymercy. Secretly, Hamish and Stephan were watching his death and they were totally expecting him to say it. Then out of nowhere William Wallace yelled FREEDOM! Everyone was shocked including the king. He was really mad to see William die like that. In the end, the Scotsmen deserved their battle. They defeated King Edward and won their freedom! Braveheart was probably one of the best examples of the Middle Ages. It showed many characteristics they were used back then. The rise of the Scottish, how shelters work, relationships with others, and the leaders alone. Many more too. This movie has defiantly reflected the way people now think about the Middle Ages.

Malaysia free essay sample

Malaysia has been recognized by the world as a model for other plural societies. The concept of ‘unity in diversity’ is always insisted by the leaders. The concept is now supported with the ‘1 Malaysia’ concept which is introduced by the current Prime Minister. The Malaysian government is always put efforts to ensure the unity among the people because the unity is very important for national unity. The national unity will ensure the country’s prosperity and the prosperity will create national integration. The unity and integration is the ultimate aim of development. Unity can be defined as a process of forming a national identity among various groups that have differences in beliefs, cultures, customs, politics, social, economic functions and location into a political entity. WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES THAT FACED BY THE GOV. IN IMPOSTING UNITY ON ITS CITIZEN? Achieving national integration is not an easy task, but efforts must go on. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is due to the existence of economic, social, cultural, residential and world view among the people. Therefore, the Malaysian government since the independence of the country has put endless efforts towards achieving the national integration. In general, there are three main obstacles that the country has to face and resolve. They are prejudice and, communalism Prejudice Do you know what prejudice is? It refers to the attitude towards others based on evidences which is not concrete and might be wrong. In Malaysia context, this kind of pre-judgmental attitude still exists among races even though much positive information is provided. Racism Communalism refers to the attitude of favouring one’s own ethnic group. This kind of feeling is also prevalent in Malaysia. For example, the political parties that exist in Malaysia are still on ethnic base. The national ideology has five principles: (i)Belief in God (ii)Loyalty to King and Country (iii)Nobleness of the Constitution (iv)Sovereignty of the Law (v)Courtesy and Decency In general, the objectives of the national ideology are: (i)To achieve a greater unity among the people (ii)To maintain democratic way of life National Service Develop a young generation who are patriotic and with love and devotion for their country Enhance unity among the multi-racial communities in the country New Economic Policy (NEP) NEP is an economic approach by the government. It was introduced in 1970 after the racial riot of 13 May 1969. The main reason that caused the riot is due to economic reason in which there was wide economic gap between the races especially between the Malays and Chinese. The NEP is considered as an economic development and national unity programme in a multiracial society. Thus, the NEP was introduced to demolish the economic gap between people in rural and town area. If we look in depth, there was imbalance of wealth distribution between the races and people that have been mentioned above. Besides that, before the riot of 1969 up to the NEP, races were identified through their economic function. For example, the Chinese were recognized as merchants and businessmen because they dominated the economic activities, the Malays as farmers because they lived in rural areas and the Indians as estate labours because they lived in estates. Based on this situation, the NEP was created as such with two-pronged aim: * To reduce and eradicate poverty by increasing income and job opportunities to all citizens without looking at their races * To restructure communities in order to reduce and erase the identification of races through economic function National Education Policy Since independence, many educational reports have been implemented in order to unite and integrate the people. During the British colonial, they did not have a clear education policy. They allowed education to develop into four separated streams which were based on ethnicity – English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil. Each of the streams had its own objectives, syllabus (normally taken from their country of origin), teaching standards. The Chinese for example, used Chinese language as the medium of instruction and children were exposed to the history of China. Malayan history was totally excluded from the syllabus likewise the Tamil school. This happened because of the divide and rule policy of the British who did not want to see the people united. In their eyes, when people united, all races would against them. After the defeat of Japanese in the World War II, the British came back to rule the country. The local leaders put onto them pressure to streamline the education system in order to promote racial unity. Promoting the use of national language In the Main Provisions of the Constitution, Malay language is made as the national language of the country. It is used to promote unity among the people. Few proverbs have been created to promote unity through the national language such as ‘Language is the Soul of the Nation’ (Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa) and ‘Language Unite the nation’ (Bahasa Menyatukan Bangsa). To be able to communicate and interact harmoniously between different races, Malaysians are also encouraged to learn and to speak the languages of other races in the country from young age. Political parties alliance The seriousness of the government to ensure the unity can be seen from the early stage of the ‘birth’ of Malaysia. Leaders in the past such as TAR and the others fought so hard to get the independence of Malaysia. The leaders from the major three races i. e Malays, Chinese and Indians had taken initiative to form alliance among the political parties that represent those three races. As a result, National Front (Barisan National) that is an alliance between UMNO, MIC and MCA was established in 1951. Till today, the Barisan National even won the 13th General Election! IN YOUR OPINION, HOW UNITY CAN BE INTERGRATED INTO US MALAYSIANS? In my opinion, since unity is the backbone of the stability of our country, it must be urged that unity must be integrated by all the citizens of Malaysia. National unity can be integrated through the practice of equal rights. Like what Abraham Lincoln said, all men are equal before the law. When this act is carried out, the majority and minority races will receive equal treatment in any form of help that is being given out. If it fails to carry out, unsatisfactory and anger will be felt by the â€Å"discriminated† groups and consequently, racial issues will happened and disrupt the country’s development. National unity in Malaysia is definitely important as a country cannot progress without the co-operation of the people in the country. On the other hand, the government should impose heavier punishments on those people who are executing their unruly acts which are connected to hate and racism. Punishments like jail him for trying to disrupt the peace in the country should be imposed on those wrongdoers. It is essential for this action to be carried out because once these punishments are being executed; people who are attempting to carry out their future plans will think twice before they do it. The moment these acts of nonsense cease, peace will once again be in our beloved homeland. Another way to integrate national unity in our country is by having politically stable country. The political groups in our country recently are being very competitive to form the government instead of having the people’s welfare at heart. Political parties in our land should be more concerned about the citizens’ trials and tribulations that they are facing every day. By doing that, not only the political party will contribute hugely to the integration of national unity, but it will also gain the trust of the citizens to elect the particular party to represent them as a nation. The particular party should also put their heart and soul into this as national unity is the backbone to our country’s stability and integrity. Last but not least, national unity can be achieved when parents and guardians play their parts as role models and not turn a blind eye towards this epidemic that is plaguing most countries. Guardians and parents should never criticize people of other races in front of their children. According to a study made by child experts, children usually follow the characteristics and attitude of their parents or guardians. This is the main reason why parents and guardians should always be an example to their children so that when their children grow up, they will no longer have the mentality that their ethnicity is always above the other races when it comes to studies, sports or personal abilities. CONCLUSION It is not a doubt that national unity is very important in our country. The importance of creating and maintaining unity and integration cannot be compromised. National unity and integration is vital for Malaysian if they want to live in peace and harmony. It is the one and only thing that keeps all of us bound together, allowing us to live with one another in peace and harmony. National unity is, of course, possible and achievable but it can only be obtained step by step. As it goes by the saying, Rome wan’t built in a day. Therefore, we should all work together for a better Malaysia.

The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Essays

The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Essays The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Paper The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Paper Abortion has long been a controversial topic. Many Americans feel strongly about this subject because it involves such important issues as life and death, ones religious beliefs, the health of women and who controls women’s bodies. Can anything new be said about abortion? After more than a quarter of a century of an insane consideration one might think not. But there is at least one point of view that is hardly ever heard the screams of â€Å"Murder! † and â€Å"keep your prayers off my ovaries! † It deserves a full and reasoned explanation, but it might even give off some light on the controversies about the truth of Dr.  Henry Foster as Surgeon General and about disturbances of abortion clinics. It is that abortion is excusable only in extreme cases, however the state must respect the right to get and perform abortions. In other words, it is possible to be both a pro-life and a pro-choice. PRO-LIFE AND PRO-CHOICE: As many people of both sexes instinctively recognize, abortion has to be looked at as a question not of law, but of right and moral conduct. Begin then with the position, common to most religions and many naturalistic systems of morality, of respect for life-all life, but especially human. It seems impossible to deny that the developing fetus is a possible human being. The fetus from the very beginning is provided with all the genetic information that will enable its development into a full human person. Which is to say never. An abortion is not exactly a murder and in most legal codes and systems of morality there is such a thing as excusable homicide. It might be helpful to look at the case from a perspective other than the Orthodox Christian one. Any act that increases the total of human suffering is immoral, and any act that reduces suffering is moral. Some births that result from rape or threaten the mother’s life could increase suffering, and the abortions that prevent them are sadly excusable. But those are the easy cases. What of the pregnant 16-year-old, seduced and abandoned by an older man who refuses to take responsibility, disowned by her parents, with no prospects for anything but a life of poverty and welfare dependency? Does the suffering she and the child would undergo if it was born outweigh the horror of sniffing out a possible human personality? It is a close call and exactly the kind of tortured moral judgment that the government has no business making. A non-totalitarian state must leave such judgments to its citizens to make for themselves, according to their individual ideas of religion and justice. Murders meet both conditions; it is sentenced by nearly every known system of morality, and civilized life would be impossible in a community that allowed citizens to kill one another without punishment. Prohibition might perhaps be excused on public safety grounds, given the fights, violence and fatal accidents resulting largely from alcohol abuse. But it fails unmistakably because too many citizens refuse to regard the drinking of alcohol as immoral to make its prohibition excusable or enforceable. Sometimes an unwanted pregnancy can interrupt a woman’s life. Having children can interrupt women’s life. Having children can effect the women mentally and emotionally because raising children is not so easy to do. A mother has to be there every time, every second of her life for her baby to take care and to help get through his/her lifetime experience. That is why some women think that their pregnancy can interfere with their education. employment and their health. The Pro-life believer’s believe that an unwanted child is more than likely to live a bad life and to have nobody to depend on when they are growing up and going through a bad time in their life. They also believe that an unwanted child can become a major criminal and might also suffer abuse. But some Pro-choice believers believe that women who want to abort her baby should instead give her baby up for an adoption. They feel that some women who cannot have children can have a child from another women who was about to abort her child. When does a fetus become a baby? What happens when the choice is between the life of a mother and the life of the unborn? Is an embryo or a fetus the same as a person? Does it enjoy full moral rights, the same to those of a seven-year-old of a seventeen-year-old pregnant woman? You either believe that is so or you don’t. But women who carry their fetus do no keep it hidden, like keeping something in trunk of the car for nine months and then remembering it. So, in order to complete the picture, the Pro-choice believers described the women as cold, selfish, silly baby-haters, who are the enemies. Calling women murderers does the job easy because it is the most common abuse that is used against women outside the abortion clinics. Partial abortion is the final point of an abortion division because it involves the killing of the child during birth. There are a number of different methods for performing partial-birth abortions. Ohio described one method in detail abortionist Dr. Martin Hasdell. He said that this method would involve the controlment of a living baby in the womb with an instrument. Delivering all of the baby feet-first except for the head, making a small hole in the baby’s skull and then putting a suction tube into the babies skull in order for the brain and the skull to collapse. Then finishing the delivery of a dead baby. The described method is commonly used at or on the twentieth week of pregnancy. MYTH AND FACTS ABOUT ABORTION At the time the Constitution was accepted, abortion was commonly performed. Abortion was something the founding fathers would have been aware of, and by reasoning statement, they would not have remained silent about it if they had intended for the government to involve itself in the private lives of its citizens. During this time in history, all surgical procedures, including abortion, were extremely risky. Hospitals were not common; antiseptics were unknown, and even the most respected doctors had only natural medical education’s. Without the technology that we take for granted today, maternal and infant death rates during childbirth were extremely high. The dangers from abortion were similar to the dangers from other surgeries that were not outlawed. Today, their understanding of the consequences of unsafe abortion influences pro-choice advocates who fight for continued access to safe, legal abortion for all women often. We know from history that whenever abortion has been illegal, women have still attempted and succeeded in ending unwanted pregnancies. Unfortunately, they have often suffered serious health problems or died in the process. While the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision was an important turning point in protecting women from unsafe abortion, an understanding of pre-Roe v. Wade years is important for making intelligent public policy decisions regarding reproduction health care in the future. In 1973, the Supreme Court’s Roe v. Wade decision made abortion legal for the first time in American history. In the 1800’s, abortion was outlawed because it was so dangerous. Abortion was outlawed because it is immoral. During the period when abortion was illegal, abortion was effectively outlawed and the safety of pregnant women was ensured. Partial-birth abortions are only done in extreme cases involving serious baby deformities or threat to the life of the mother. The pro-choice believers argued partial-birth abortions are not common and are only done at or after the twentieth week of pregnancy. A fetus is not capable of feeling the pain due to the need of development. Pro-Life believers showed that a fetus was not enough developed to experience pain from the procedure. MEDICAL ARGUMENT AGAINST ABORTION The medical arguments against abortion are compelling. For example, at the beginning of the pregnancy the embryo is genetically separated from the mother. To say that the developing baby is no different from the mother’s appendix is scientifically inaccurate. A developing embryo is genetically different from the sperm and the egg that created it. Another set of medical arguments against abortion surround the definition of life and death. If one say of decision may have been used to define death, could they also be used to define life? Death used to be defined by the final heartbeat. A stopped heart was a clear sign of death. If the final heartbeat could define death, could the onset of a heartbeat define life? The heart is formed by the 18th day in the womb. If heartbeat were used to define life, then nearly all abortions would be illegal. A conflict to an abortion also can raise the controversial issue of a fetus pain. Does the fetus feel pain during abortion? The evidence seems fairly clear and agreeable. Consider this statement made in a British medical journal: â€Å"Try sticking an infant with a pin and you know hat happens. She opens her mouth to cry and also pulls away. Try sticking an 8-week-old human fetus in the palm of his hand. He opens his mouth and pulls his hand away. A more technical description would add that changes in heart rate and in fetus movement also suggest that intrauterine manipulations are painful to the fetus. † Obviously, other medical decisions may be used. For example, the developing fetus has a special set of fingerprints as well as genetic patterns that make it special. The development of ultrasound has provided us with a â€Å"window to the womb† showing us that a person is growing and developing in the mother’s womb. We can recognize clearly the eyes, the ears, the fingers, the nose and the mouth. Our visual senses tell us this is a baby growing and maturing inside the womb. The point is simple. Medical science leads to a pro-life point of view rather than a pro-choice point of view. Medical arguments provide a strong case against abortion and for life. LEGAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABORTION A second set of arguments would be legal arguments against abortion. The best legal argument against abortion can be seen in the case of Roe v. Wade. It violated standard reasoning. The Supreme Court decided when life begins and then turned around and turned over the laws of 50 different states. The duty of a proof should lie with the life-taker, and the benefit of the doubt should be with the lifesaver. Put in another way: A hunter who hears rustling in the bushes shouldn’t fire until he knows what it is in the bushes. In addition, a Court which doesn’t know when life begins shouldn’t declare-open season on the unborn. The duty of a proof in a law is on the prosecution. The advantage of uncertainty is with the defense. This is also known as taking something for granted of the harmless. The Supreme Court clearly stated that it does not know when life begins and then it braked a promise of the very spirit of this legal principle by acting as if just proved that no life existed in the womb. Just as there are solid medical arguments against abortion, so also there are legal arguments against abortion. Roe vs. Wade was a bad decision that needs to be overturned. PHILOSOPHICAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABORTION A third set of arguments against abortion would be philosophical arguments. A key philosophical question is where do you draw the line? Put another way, when does a human being become a person? The Roe case arose out of a Texas law that prohibited legal abortion except to save a woman’s life. At that time, many other states had laws similar to the one in Texas. The effect of those laws was that women turned to someone for help in large numbers to illegal abortions that were dangerous because of poorly trained unsanitary conditions. Jane Roe, a 21-yea-old pregnant woman, represented all women who wanted abortions but could not get them legally and safely because of these laws. Henry Wade was the Texas Attorney General defended the law that made abortions illegal. After hearing the case, the Supreme Court ruled that American’s right to privacy included the right of a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference, at least in the first trimester of pregnancy. The Supreme Courts decision of Roe vs. Wade separated personhood from humanity. In other words, the judges argued that a developing fetus was a human but not a person. Since only persons are given the 14th Amendment protection under the Constitution, the Court argued that abortion could be legal at certain times. This left to doctors; parents of even other judges the responsibility of ones judgment of deciding when personhood should be awarded to human beings. Ethicist Paul Ramsey often warned that any arguments for abortion could logically be also used as an argument for the murder of a baby. As if to explain this, Dr. Francis Crick, of DNA specialist, proved that he was less concerned about the ethics of such correct reasoning extensions and offered a more acceptable definition of personhood. He suggested in the British journal Nature that if â€Å"a child were considered to be legally born when two days old, it could be examined to see whether it was an acceptable member of human society. † Obviously this is not only an argument for abortion but it’s an argument for the murder of a baby. Other line-drawers have suggested a cultural decision for personhood. Ashley Montagu, for example, stated, â€Å"a newborn baby is not truly a human until he or she is molded by cultural influences later. † Again, this is more than just an argument for abortion. It is also an argument for the murder of a baby. In conclusion, we can see that there are many good arguments against abortion. Obviously there are a number of medical, legal, and philosophical arguments against abortion. The bible and logic are on the side of the Christian who want’s to stand for the holiness of human life. Despite this lack of difference, we’re always surprised by the murder of a baby. We don’t blink an eye when we’re told that a million and half children were killed by abortion last year; yet whenever we hear of a born baby that was hit killed, drowned or choked, we stare at the newspaper in disbelief, our head swimming with questions. We wonder, â€Å"Why did that woman kill her baby? Was there something in the harsh cries of her child that drove her insane? † In search of answers, we reassured ourselves that although mothers may get tired and irritated with their children, maternal instinct usually kicks in and helps protect the life of the child. Yet some women just seem unable or unwilling to meet with the commonplace responsibilities of motherhood. There are people every year that get an abortion. I do no believe in this kind of thing, but no one has the right to blow up an abortion clinic. In search of my own answers, I’ve come up with a theory. I believe the current atmosphere of acceptance of legalized child murder leads women to conclude that it’s okay to kill their children. By ignoring the death crimes of million’s of innocent children, society tells women who kill that â€Å"No one will care and that one more child’s premature death is meaningless. I also believe that abortion should be illegal because I believe abortion kills a person who should have legal rights. Many people feel very strongly about not letting people get away with having an abortion and some people are either completely for it or just don’t care. Still, if you bomb a clinic someone who might not have anything to do with the clinic could get killed and what did he or she do to you? Nothing, they just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. There were two abortion clinic bombings recently where people were killed because they either work at an abortion clinic or they have made a decision to get an abortion. People who blow these buildings up are more than likely a member of a religious group, connected with them in some way is, and they themselves think abortion is wrong. These are very hypocritical people. They act innocent and then they go and blow a building up and hurt innocent people while the are at it. In conclusion, no one needs to be doing something so wrong, so illegal, as killing people. Abortions are now legal and what some anti-abortion people are doing is not legal. So, seeing how they are doing the not so legal thing, violent protesting abortion should be stopped. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Issues in law and medicine Bopp. Gr. , James; Cook, Curtisr Partial-Birth Abortion: the final frontier of abortion jurisprudence Dilatation and extraction abortion-Law and legislation-United States Summer 1998 Vol. 14 Issue 1, 3 2. Frost-Knappman, Elizabeth Womens Right On Trial: 101 Historic American trials from Anne Huchinson to the Virginial Military Institute Cadets. 1997 New England Publishing Associates, INC. 164-165, 167-169 3. The New Internationalist Hadley, Janet A Moral Question Abortion-Social Aspects July 1, 1998 Issue 303, 20 4. Herda, D. J. Raw vs. Wade: the abortion question 1994, Enslow Publishing, Inc. 36-42, 47-49, 78-80. 5. Noonan G. R. , John T. The Morality of Abortion: legal and historical perspectives 1970, Harvard University Press 134-135, 185-186, 236-237 6. Terkel, Susan Neiburn Abortion: Facing the Issues Raw vs. Wade-Moral and Ethics of Abortion 1998 13-16, 29-32, 38, 121-125, 127-129 7. Tride, Laurence, H. Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes Pro-choice and Pro-life movement 1990 52,115, 228